Religion In Schools Today :: essays research papers

The American Religious Experience In America like a shot we all have choices to make in regards to our religious beliefs. Many young children are brought up today confused about religion and the significance it plays in their lives. There are many sanctions and rules now on what can and cant be thought or displayed to people on public property, simply it wasnt always like this. In this paper I will be discussing the American religious experience in regards to the impact religion has in the public schools. since 1776 the United States has grown from a nation of relatively few religious differences to one of countless religious groups. This expanding pluralism challenges the public schools to deal creatively and sensitively with students professing many religions and none. The following questions and answers concern religious holidays and public education, a subject often marked by confusion and conflict. Teachers and school officials, as swell as parents and students, should appro ach this discussion as an opportunity to work cooperatively for the sake of good education rather than at cross purposes. School districts create guidelines about religious holidays will want to base their policies in the shared commitment of respect for individual religious beliefs expressed in the constitutional reassure of religious liberty. This means that public schools may neither promote nor inhibit religious belief or nonbelief. Drafters of such guidelines also will want to maintain account of the role of religion in history and culture. Awareness of legal issues is essential in considering religion and public education, but the law does not return answers to every question. Within the current legal framework, schools-their boards, administrators, teachers, parents, and students-must make many practical decisions regarding religious holidays. This work can be done only by cover sensitivity to the needs of every student and willingness to steer a course between the avoid ance of all references to religion on the one hand and the publicity of religion on the other. You are probably asking yourself what is the courts decision in all of this. The Supreme tourist court has ruled that public schools may not bestower religious practices (Engel v. Vitale, 1962 Abington v. Schempp, 1963) but may teach about religion. While having made no definitive ruling on religious holidays in the schools, the Supreme Court let stand a lower federal court decision stating that recognition of holidays may be constitutional if the purpose is to provide secular breeding about religious traditions rather than to promote the particular religion involved (Florey v.

Doctor Faustus as Tragic Hero Essay -- Doctor Faustus Essays

Doctor Faustus as Tragic HeroDoctor Faustus died a death that few could bear to imagine, some(prenominal) less experience. After knowing for some years when exactly he would die, he reached the stroke of the hour of his destiny in a cowardly, horrid demeanor. Finally, when the devils appeared at the stroke of midnight, tearing at his flesh as they draw him into his eternal torment, he screams for mercy without a soul, not even God Himself, to help him. However, what to fill Doctor John Faustus from Christopher Marlows dramatic masterpiece The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus is a very debatable issue. For example, one can experience that he threw his life away for the sake of knowledge, becoming obsessed with the knowledge that he could possess. In this case, he is unarguably a medieval tragic hero. However, when considering the accompaniment that he died for the sake of gaining knowledge, pushing the limits of what is possible in spite of obvious limitat ions and, eventually, paying the ultimate penalty, he could be considered a Renaissance martyr. These two points of experience have their obvious differences, and depending on from what time period one chooses to place this piece of literature varies the way that the play is viewed. However, the idea of considering him a martyr has many flaws, several of which are evident when considering who Faustus was before he turned to necromancy and what he did once he obtained the powers of the universe. Therefore, inevitably, the audience in this play should realize that Faustus was a great man who did many great things, but because of his hubris and his lack of vision, he died the most tragic of heroes. Christopher Marlowe was born on February 6, 1564 (Discoverin... ...is truly merciful because he forgave much(prenominal) a blasphemous heathen as Faustus. Faustus could have become an example for all of mankind and proven that if he could be forgiven, then all could be forgiven. However, because he was stubborn, ignorant, and blind, he refused to see that he was never truly damned until he was drug by the devils into the heart of hell itself. Works CitedDiscovering Christopher Marlowehttp//swc2.hccs.cc.tx.us/HTMLS/ROWHTML/faust/index.htmHenderson, Philip. Christopher Marlowe. New York Barnes & Noble, 1974.Marlowe, Christopher. The complete Works of Christopher Marlowe. Ed. by Fredson Bowers. Cambridge CUP, 1973Snow, Edward A. Marlowes Doctor Faustus and the Ends of Desire. Two Renaissance Mythmakers Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson. Ed. Alvin Kernan. Baltimore, MD The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.

Defining Modernism Essay -- Definition Essays

Defining ModernismModernism expound as movement in arts would best be described as a movement that was used to unit America after a period of crisis, it did this by it being centered on explorations into the spiritual temperament of men and the value of his society and institutions. In a way it was like realism they too focused on the changes on society. The modernistic writers always wrote in a very formal defined form. Modernism also played a very important role as a movement in poetry. The way modernism did this was it brought so much more opportunity to the poet as a way of writing. The poet is now able to express themselves in new ways. If it was non for modernism who knows if we would be talking about the works of Emily Dickinson today, after all it was modernism that got her ...

Essay --

1. What is the accepted definition of a colly site? Broadly discuss the reasoning underlying the definition and discuss reasons why there are notifiable activities and what these activities are. What other government or supply authorities are ask to be notified for development work to be initiated? HD question How might groundwater be a significant issue on this site?Definition of a contaminated siteTo understand what a contaminated site is, soil contamination should be defined to understand the scope of contamination that can affect a site when observed in a construction context. Soil contamination can be loosely defined as polluted soil, thereby including crystalline or solid hazardous substances mixed amongst the earths naturally occurring soil causing impurity.The causes of soil contamination can range from negligence, intentional twist or at times unintentional actions that can all lead to destructive consequences with long term affects. Soil contamination in Australia is commonly caused by a chemical interference with pesticides, metals such as lead, chromium, cadmium and mercury, petroleum and solvents. The following List outline key causes of soil contaminationUnintended Spills loony toons rainRigorous farmingDeforestationGenetically modified plantsNuclear wastesIndustrial AccidentsLand gather and illegal dumpingAgricultural practices, such as application of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers exploit and other industriesOil and fuel dumpingBuried wastesDisposal of coal ashDrainage of contaminated surface water into the soilDischarging urine and fasces in the openElectronic wasteThe Queensland Government, Department of Environment and Heritage, Protection, de... ...ivide by two as we spang the ground is flat in the district where we need to fill we therefore do not average.B = Height variance to fill level x the remotenessB = 3*14.584B = 43.752Notes1.The distance of 14.584 meters is elect assuming that the chosenshape has right angles in B C and D. 2. We dont need to divide by two as we know the ground is flat in the zone where we need to fill we therefore do not average.C = height varian to fill level x the distanceC = 3*14.584C = 43.752Note1 We dont need to divide by two as we know the ground is flat in the zone where we need to fill we therefore do not average.Prismoidal Formula ApplicationVolume = (A+4B+C)*L/6V = 30.468 + (4*43.752) + 43.752 * 30.118 / 6V = (30.468 + 175.008 + 43.752) * 30.118 / 6V = (249.228 * 30.118) / 6V = 7506.249 / 6V = 1251.041 mEnvironmental engineer

Cloning is Ethically and Morally Wrong :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Cloning is Ethic each(prenominal)y and Morally Wrong The question shakes us all to our very souls. For humans to consider the re-create of one another forces them all to question the very concepts of right and wrong. The cloning of any species, whether they be human or non-human, is respectablely and morally wrong. Scientists and ethicists alike have debated the implications of human and non-human cloning extensively since 1997 when scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland produced Dolly. No direct conclusions have been drawn, moreover compel arguments state that cloning of both human and non-human species results in harmful physical and psychological effects on both groups. The following issues dealing with cloning and its ethical and moral implications will be addressed cloning of human beings would result in severe psychological effects in the cloned child, and that the cloning of non-human species subjects them to unethical or moral treatment for human needs. The possib le physical damage that could be done if human cloning became a reality is obvious when one looks at the sheer loss of life that occurred before the birth of Dolly. Less than ten percent of the initial transfers break through to be healthy creatures. There were 277 trial implants of nuclei. nineteen of those 277 were deemed healthy while the others were discarded. Five of those nineteen survived, but four of them died within ten days of birth of sever abnormalities. Dolly was the only one to survive (Fact Adler 1996). If those nuclei were human, the cellular body count would look like sheer carnage (Logic Kluger 1997). Even Ian Wilmut, one of the scientists accredited with the cloning phenomenon at the Roslin Institute agrees, the more you inject with reproduction, the more danger there is of things going wrong (Expert Opinion). The psychological effects of cloning are less obvious, but none the less, very plausible. In appurtenance to physical harms, there are worries about the psychological harms on cloned human children. One of those harms is the loss of identity, or sense of uniqueness and individuality. Many argue that cloning crates serious issues of identity and individuality and forces humans to consider the definition of self. Gilbert Meilaender commented on the importance of inherited uniqueness not only to the child but to the parent as well when he appeared before the National Bioethics Advisory Commission on March 13, 1997. He states that children begin with a kind of genetic independence of the parent.

Cloning is Ethically and Morally Wrong :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Cloning is Ethically and Morally Wrong The question shakes us all to our very souls. For humans to consider the re-create of whizz another forces them all to question the very concepts of right and wrong. The cloning of any species, whether they be human or non-human, is ethically and morally wrong. Scientists and ethicists alike have debated the implications of human and non-human cloning extensively since 1997 when scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland produced Dolly. No direct conclusions have been drawn, however compelling arguments state that cloning of both human and non-human species results in harmful physical and psychological effects on both groups. The following issues dealing with cloning and its ethical and moral implications will be addressed cloning of human beings would result in severe psychological effects in the cl angiotensin converting enzymed babe, and that the cloning of non-human species subjects them to wrong or moral treatment for human needs. The possible physical damage that could be done if human cloning became a reality is obvious when one looks at the sheer loss of life that occurred before the birth of Dolly. Less than ten percent of the initial transfers survive to be healthy creatures. There were 277 rivulet implants of nuclei. Nineteen of those 277 were deemed healthy while the others were discarded. Five of those nineteen survived, but four of them died within ten days of birth of sever abnormalities. Dolly was the only one to survive (Fact Adler 1996). If those nuclei were human, the cellular body count would look like sheer carnage (Logic Kluger 1997). Even Ian Wilmut, one of the scientists accredited with the cloning phenomenon at the Roslin Institute agrees, the more you interfere with reproduction, the more danger there is of things going wrong (Expert Opinion). The psychological effects of cloning are less obvious, but none the less, very plausible. In addition to physical harms, there are worries abou t the psychological harms on cloned human children. One of those harms is the loss of identity, or sense of uniqueness and individuality. Many point that cloning crates serious issues of identity and individuality and forces humans to consider the definition of self. Gilbert Meilaender commented on the importance of genetic uniqueness not only to the child but to the parent as well when he appeared before the National Bioethics Advisory Commission on March 13, 1997. He states that children begin with a resistant of genetic independence of the parent.

Critical Lenses Essay

L. a Date 11/14/12 Critical Lenses Herodotus once give tongue to men are at the forgiveness of events and cannot wangle them. In saying this Herodotus meant that men cannot control any situation, but that it is fate that determines what is to occur. Prince Edward from The Prince and the Pauper by Mark duet and Macbeth from Macbeth by William Shakespeare prove this statement to be both true and false. Macbeth in the play (structure) Macbeth by William Shakespeare proves the statement true.The story is about a man named Macbeth and him befitting king (plot). In the year 1040 in Scotland (setting) three witches prophesize to Macbeth that he will be King (foreshadowing). Macbeth is forced to kill the current king, King Duncan, in aver to take the throne. After Macbeth kills King Duncan he feels very guilty. Macbeth ends up killing even more people to cover up his lie (characterization) As Macbeths life goes on as king, he begins hearing voices and having hallucinations of Banquos ghost (imagery).These are just the consequences of his actions, and he had to live with them. Macbeth goes from gaining respect, appreciation and wealth to losing everything (characterization). Macbeth chooses to listen to the witches prophesy, alternatively than listening to Banquo telling him the prophecy may be evil thus, Macbeth causes his own problems. In contrast Prince Edward from The Prince and The Pauper by Mark Twain was more at the mercy of his situation than was Macbeth. In this novel (structure), Prince Edward has been raised in luxury.Prince Edward birth was celebrated by the whole country and was wrapped in silks and satins (imagery). He is used to alright foods, magnificent clothing, and to being waited on by hundreds of servants, as well he is accustomed to being protected and to giving commands that others obey quickly. He is used to these things precisely because they are part of the life of a prince. Having spent his entire life in the confines of the royal p alace, he has daydreamed about the freedom experienced by boys such as Tom energetic (the pauper).One afternoon Prince Edward and Tom Canty trade clothing and as a result, they trade lives as well. Prince Edward trades places with Tom Canty and ends up in Offal Court. Prince Edward gets to experience what Tom Cantys everyday life was like to be poor and be treated horribly by Toms father. Prince Edward is now learning how hard life is for his subjects and how unfair the laws are. Edward, as a child, is now at the mercy of adults outside the palace, both superb and bad.After many adventures, matters are set right again, with the help of Miles Hendon to take him back to the palace, with one of the boys resuming his rightful, royal smirch and the other boy accepting a position that recognizes his innate intelligence and good heartedness (plot). Macbeth from Macbeth by William Shakespeare and Prince Edward from The Prince and The Pauper by Mark Twain prove Herodotuss saying men are a t the mercy of events and cannot control them to be true as well as false.The statement means that men cannot control any situation but that it is fate that determines what is to occur. Both Prince Edward and Macbeth guide poor decisions which get them into trouble . However, Macbeth, the adult, makes worse decisions that are wrong and evil and deserve punishment. Edward, the child, makes an innocent mistake and is punished anyway. Yet, fortunately, though the kindness of Miles Hendon, Edward is able to fall back home, having learned from his experiences, unlike Macbeth who loses everything and is killed.

Essay on Microeconomic Reform in Australia

Write an essay on microeconomic reform in Australia including word of honor on* The meaning of the term Microeconomic reform.* Examples of recent microeconomic reform* Possible effects of microeconomic reform in the Australian economy.Microeconomic reforms (MER) are the actions to reform particular product and factor markets with the aim of raising the economys long term growth rate and increasing its flexibility. It besides refers to the set of form _or_ system of government initiatives aimed at prompting structural change in the Australian economy so that resources can flow freely from one physical exertion to another. Any barrier to the free flow of resources in response to price signals creates inefficiencies in the economy, adding to cost.MER has many aims. Firstly it is used to improve resource allocation by maximising output of scarce resources. It is also to encourage efficient operations of markets (adoption of worlds best practice) and encourage efficiencies-allocative (limited resources allocated to the most uses for its output to be maximised), adept (aims to elicit at the scale where costs per unit are the lowest) and dynamic ( how firms achieve and maintain readiness over time). Micro reforms refer to individual sectors inside the economy.They work to improve inputs and outputs, and are tools of control in conjunction with macro policies (fiscal and monetary). MER works on supply side economics to improve productivity. This is done through with(predicate) govt. deregulation which improves efficiency, lowers tariffs, annexs international competitiveness and through the reforms of the GBEs which lowers costs and increases tilt (Hilmer report).In recent years there have been many examples of developments in MER. The last cardinal years of MER has been the crucial factor in improvements of the status of the economy on Australia especially the return to low flash. In the product markets, MER has been reducing protection, and improving the contender policy through the introduction of the Trade Practices act (1974) and the Hilmer report in 1993, as a decrease in regulations mean increased competition. This led to privatisation and corporatisation of GBEs and deregulation.In Factor markets, such as the capital markets, deregulation occurred from the early 80s which included the deregulation of financial markets and float of the dollar (83). Labour markets also went under near structural changes with the decentralisation of wage- secureness with the introduction of enterprise bargaining instead of arbitration and the end of National Wage cases in the early 90s as well as restructuring of awards. Under the Howard govt. the introduction of the WRA has brought on AWAs (individual contracts), simplification of awards and measures to reduce union power.Some deregulation has occurred through some reduction of the role of the IRC in wage fixing and industrial relations. In the public sector, the most important MER of the dec ade are the corporatisation and privatisation of former GBEs such as the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Qantas, Telstra (partial)(end of monopoly in 1991 and full competition in 1997) and corporatisation of Australia Post.Taxation has gone under some changes with the introduction of capital gains tax, fringe benefits tax and the possible introduction of a GST and tax indexation (linking tax brackets to inflation rates so that individuals would not be under the influence of bracket creep due to inflation. Also income tax cuts-from 60% to 47%-provide incentives to work and increase output. Welfare has also been under the influence of MERs through tightening of old age pensions and benefits through the incomes and assets test as well as the introduction of the urinate for the Dole scheme.The main reason for MER is to improve the over all performance of economic activity. MER must help to achieve govt. objectives as the failure of macroeconomic policy means it cannot do the job alone. It attempts to override and supplement macro by improving dynamism of productivity, efficiency and raising national income. It aims to improve the ability to arrogate displaced workers and make the economy less inflation prone. Another reason for MER is to ensure efficiency for sustainable economic growth and improved living standards.The three main types of efficiency are allocative, technical and dynamic and are prerequisites for possible economic growth. Allocative efficiency is when prices reflect costs. It is the production of combination of goods and services which yields maximum efficiency. Technical efficiency involves the production of g+s at minimum average costs. This is done through the acquisition of capital and the right number of labour employed to produce at maximum efficiency without the Law of Diminishing returns kicking in, or excessive RULC.Another reason for MER is to improve competition. It puts pressure on firms to increase technical efficiency and to pass o n the benefits of the improved technical efficiency in the form of lower prices to consumers. In turn, competition go away improve allocative efficiency, which means resources will be allocated only to the areas which reflect consumer demand and push price down to long run average costs.The pattern is like a set of dominos, lessen allocation of resources will increase competition which puts pressure to lower prices and improve resource allocation, which in turn will increase national income and living standards. A proof of its success is the dramatic decrease of inflation in Australia from the 70s (10%) to the 80s (8%) to the 90s (

Education in Nigeria Essay

bringing up in Nigeria is overseen by the Ministry of educational activity. And the local authorities take responsibility for implementing policy for state-controlled public education and state schooldayss at a regional level. The education system is divided into Kindergarten, elementary education, secondary education and tertiary education. Primary education Primary education, Yoruba, and Igbo. clubby schools would also stretch out Computer science, French, and Fine Arts. Primary school students argon required to take a Common Entrance Examination to qualify for admission into the federal official and assert Government Secondary schools, as well as head-to-head mavins.The Universal Basic Education, UBE, came as a replacement for Nigerias Universal Primary Education scheme of the 6-3-3-4 system of primary education. The 9-3-4 system of education was designed in conformity with the MDGs and Education For All, EFA (Kayode, 2006). The UBE involves 6 age of Primary School educa tion and 3 age of Junior Secondary School education, culminating in 9 yrs of uninterrupted schooling, and transition from one class to an early(a) is automatic but decided by dint of continuous assessment.This scheme is monitored by the Universal Basic Education Commission, UBEC, and has made it free, compulsory and a even off of every child. 1 Therefore, the UBEC law member 15 defines UBE as early childhood c ar and education. The law stipulates a 9-year formal schooling, adult literacy and non-formal education, skill acquisition programs and the education of special groups such as nomads and migrants, girl child and women, Al-majiri, street children and disabled people (Aderinoye, 2007). 2 Secondary education.Students spend six years in Secondary School, that is 3 years of JSS (Junior Secondary School), and 3 years of SSS ( superior Secondary School). By Senior Secondary School Class 2 (SS2), students are taking the GCE OLevels exam, which is not mandatory, but or so studen ts take it to prepare for the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. The Senior Secondary School Exam is taken in the last year of secondary school (SS3). Private organizations, the State government or the Federal government manage secondary schools in Nigeria.The Federal Republic of Nigeria is made up of thirty-six States and the Federal Capital Territory. There are about deuce Federal Government Colleges in each state. These schools are funded and managed directly by the Federal Government through the Ministry of Education. Teachers and staff are Federal Government employees. Teachers at the Federal Government schools possess a Bachelors degree in Education or in a particular subject area, such as, Mathematics, Physics etc.These schools are supposed to be model schools carrying and maintaining the ideals of secondary education for Nigerian students. Admission is based on merit, de edgeined by the field of study Common Entrance Examination taken by all final year elementary sch ool pupils. Tuition and fees are very low, approximately sixteen thousand naira ($100), because funding comes from the Federal Government. 2 State-owned secondary schools are funded by each state government and are not comparable to(predicate) to the Federal government colleges.Although education is supposed to be free in the majority of the state owned institutions, students are required to purchase books, uniforms and pay for unlike things costing them an average of thirty thousand naira ($200) in an donnish year. Teachers in State-owned institutions usually have a National Certificate of Education or a Bachelors Degree, but this is not always the case as many secondary schools in Nigeria are filled with un strung-out teachers who end up not organism able to motivate the students. Often these schools are understaffed due to low state bud lays, lack of incentives and irregularities in payment of staff salaries.2 Some state-owned secondary schools are regarded as elite colleges b ecause of the historically high educational standard and producing alumni who have prominent citizens in the various careers. These included Kings College, Lagos and Queens College, Lagos. However, the college ranking of these institutions have since dropped because of the arrival of nearly private institutions. Private secondary schools in Nigeria tend to be quite expensive with average annual fees averaging from one hundred and sixty to three hundred and twenty thousand naira($1000. 00 $2000. 00).These schools have smaller classes (approximately twenty to thirty students per class), modern equipment and a better environment. Most teachers in these institutions possess at least a Bachelors Degree in a specific course area and are sent for workshops or short term programs on a regular basis. 2 Promotional examinations With the introduction of 6-3-3-4 system of education in Nigeria, the recipient of the education would spend six years in primary school, three years in junior second ary school,three years in senior secondary school, and four years in tertiary institution.The six years spent in primary school and the three years spent in junior secondary school are merged to form the cardinal in the 9-3-4 system. Altogether, the students must spend a minimum period of six years in Secondary School. During this period, students are expected to spend three years in Junior Secondary School and three years in Senior Secondary School. 2 The General Certificate of Education Examination (GCE) was replaced by the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (SSCE).The SSCE is conducted at the end of the Secondary School studies in May/June. The GCE is conducted in October/November as a supplement for those students who did not get the required credits from their SSCE results. The standards of the two examinations are basically the same. A body called West African Examination Council (WAEC) conducts both the SSCE and GCE. A maximum of society and a minimum of seven subject s are registered for the examination by each student with Mathematics and English Language taking as compulsory.2 A maximum of nine grades are assigned to each subject from A1, B2, B3 (Equivalent to Distinctions Grade) C4, C5, C6 (Equivalent to Credit Grade) D7, E8 (Just Pass Grade) F9 (Fail Grade). Credit grades and above is considered academically adequate for entry into any University in Nigeria. In some study programs, many of the universities may require higher grades to get admission. 2 The Federal Government policy on education is adhered to by all secondary schools in Nigeria. Six years of elementary school is followed by six years of secondary school.Senior Secondary school consists of the SS I, SS 2, and SS 3 which is equivalent to the 10th, 11th and twelfth Grade. The Senior Secondary School Examination (SSCE) is taken at the end of the SS 3. The West African Examination Council (WAEC) administers both exams. Three to six months after a student has taken the SSCE examinat ion, they are issued an official transcript from their institution. This transcript is valid for one year, after which an Official transcript from the West African Examination Council is issued.National Examination Council is another examination body in Nigeria Senior Secondary School Examination (SSCE)in June/July. The body also administer General Certificate of Education Examination (GCE)in December/January. The students often take both WAEC and NECO examinations in SSS 3. 2 Tertiary education The government has majority control of university education. The country has a original number of 128 universities registered by NUC among which federal and state government own 40 and 38 respectively while 50 universities are privately owned.First year entry requirements into most universities in Nigeria include Minimum of SSCE/GCE Ordinary Level Credits at maximum of two sittings Minimum cut-off marks in colligation Admission and Matriculation Board Entrance Examination (JAMB) of 180 and above out of a maximum of 400 marks are required. Candidates with minimum of virtue Pass in National Certificate of Education (NCE), National Diploma (ND) and other Advanced Level Certificates minimum qualifications with minimum of 5 O/L Credits are given direct entry admission into the appropriate undergraduate degree programs.2 Students normally enter university from age 18 onwards, and study for an academic degree. Historically, universities are divided into several tiers First Generation Universities Five of these Universities were arrangeed between 1948 and 1965, following the recommendation of the Ashby Commission set up by the British Colonial Government to study the necessity of university education for Nigeria. These universities are fully funded by the federal government.They were established primarily to meet a need for qualified personnel in Nigeria and to set basic standards for university education. These universities have continued to play their roles for the produc tion of qualified personnel and the provision of standards, which have helped to guide the subsequent establishments of other generations of universities in Nigeria. Universities in this tier include the University of Nigeria, Nsukka and the University of Ibadan. 2 Second Generation UniversitiesWith the increasing population of qualified students for university education in Nigeria and the growing needs for scientific and technological developments, setting up more universities became imperative. Between 1970 and 1985, 12 additional universities were established and located in various parts of the country. 2 Third Generation Universities The need to establish Universities to address special areas of Technological and Agricultural demand prompted the setting up of 10 additional Universities between 1985 and 1999. 2 State Universities.Pressures from qualified students from each state who could not readily get admissions to any of the Federal Universities continued to mount on States Governments. It became imperative and urgent for some State Governments to invest in the establishment of Universities. 2 Private Universities In recognition of the need to encourage private participation in the provision of university education, the Federal Government established a law in 1993, allowing private sectors to establish universities following guidelines prescribed by the Government.2 The typical duration of undergraduate programs in Nigerian universities depends largely on the program of study. For example, Social Sciences/Humanity link courses are 4 Years, Engineering/Technology related courses are 5 Years, Pharmacy courses are 5 Years, and Law courses are 5 Years, each with two semester sessions per year. Medicine (Vet/Human) degrees take 6 Years and have longer sessions during the year. 2 Women in education Education has been recognized as a basic human right since the 1948 adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.A positive correlation exists between t he enrollment of girls in priary school and the gross national product and lifespan expectancy. 3 Because of this correlation, enrollment in schools represents the largest component of societal investment into human capital. 4 Rapid socioeconomic development of a nation has been observed to depend on the gauge of women and their education in that country. 5 Education bestows on women a disposition for a lifelong acquisition of knowledge, values, attitudes, competence and skills. 6.

Magazine Advertisement Analysis: Kotex Essay

This print advertisement for U by Kotex shows a woman driving a convertible in which the written concept takes the edge off the disturbance some feel ab give away feminine products. (The N.Y. Times, B3) As I looked at the advertisement, it gave me a feeling of calmness with a peace of mind. I felt like I could be that young woman in that political machine. This advertisement describes the driver keeping up her right hand, in a light blue convertible on the highway with the text placed in the sky above the driver, car and the road that reads I tied a tampon to my key ring so my brother wouldnt take my car. It worked. (The N.Y. Times) The message takes the edge off the embarrassment some feel round feminine products. In a black block with pictures of the product boxes on the bottom of the page, theres a drumhead Why are 40% of people uncomfortable with tampons?Break the Cycle. New U by Kotex. (U by Kotex) Acquiring a new product line, U by Kotex, the brand discreetly constructed i ts own advertising campaign to speak to these extremely media aware users. The most abnormal advertising technique being apply Kotex accepted the fact that their target market completely understands that they are advertised to or enticed. This way, Kotex made their users dominant, laying order directing in their laps. Being aware of the awareness factor also arranged consumers as brilliant, brand-competent, and witty. (Ad Campaign Analysis) Mitchell 2Wrappers for the individual items come in four bright colors, with the external packaging is mainly black. Mr. Meurer of Kotex states, This has been a institutional type of product, with products that are white and light blue and boring, and what we create is a variety of bold lipstick colors in each pack. What we like to say is, were taking the category from institutional care to personal care. (The N.Y. Times) In general, the inventive arrangement of the advertisement, with the black, colourize and whitelettering put together wit h the apportionment of the scenery, black bottom and the converted images of the products, arranged for an exceptional visual understanding. The surroundings look as if the motion-picture show was taken somewhere on a countryside back road, maybe southern California, because of the broad variety of vegetation, and other geographical conditions illustrated in the scenery. Not only does U by Kotex adequately sell their products, but they give much more.Website visitors, UbyKotex.com, which was de business firmed by the New York office of Organic, section of the Omnicom Group, are encouraged to sign a Declaration of Real Talk, pledging to defy societal pressures that discourage women from speaking out somewhat their bodies and health. For every signer, Kotex donates $1 to Girls for Change, a national nonprofit based in San Jose, California, that puts together urban middle school and high school girls with professional women to encourage social change. According to Mr. Meurer of Kote x, Were really out there and were trying to touch women and say we care about this conversation. Were changing our brand equity to stand for truth and transparency and innovative vaginal care. (The N.Y. Times) The questions are out there in the world, yet they cant be answered fully. Its not the 1950s anymore. Talking freely about many private health problems is no longer taboo. Actually, its encouraged, steering toward added awareness and better health care for people everywhere. Society and the media still have not accepted the issues women have below the waist. Sadly, this secrecy and shame about all things Mitchell 3pertaining to vaginal health have a negative touch on on a womans body image, self-esteem and overall health. U by Kotex brand wants to help women change the conversation about periods and vaginal care. Help Break the Cycle, so women can begin to feel comfortable their bodies and confident about their personal care.http//www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2010/03/16/busine ss/16adco_CA0.htmlWorks CitedIts time to Break the Cycle. U by Kotex. U by Kotex, 10 June 2012. Web. 10 June 2012. Rebelling Against the Commonly Evasive Feminine Care Ad. TheNew York Times. The New York Times. 15 March 2010. Web. 10 June 2012. Ad Campaign Analysis Kotex Reveals Ad Strategy, As Strategy. 23 Oct. 2010. Web. 10 June 2012.

I.C.T In Our Society Essay

This report is about how ICT has affected us as a society. For example, for entertainment purposes like patchs consoles, communication purposes much(prenominal) as officious names, storage purposes such as storing music on a CD or for social purposes such as email.E-mailThe first thing I allow for look at provide be email. With email you mint right awayly talk to friends, work colleagues, basically anyone who has an email address. I gather in devil email accounts, one at home provided by hotmail, which is useful because I rear end log-on to it anywhere via the Internet. I in like manner have one at inform provided by Solihull L.E.A, which I mint solely access at tutor both have a unique log-on I.D and password.With my personal account (hotmail) I corporation choose a unique login I.D and password when I register, providing it ends with hotmail.com. With my school account I undersurface unaccompanied choose the password. As a student my school account is free and I choke absolutely no junk mail thanks to the junk-mail filter and I endure receive emails from anyone. The L.E.A also s poops e really(prenominal) email for anything suspicious such as files containing viruses if one of these argon found then the L.E.A will non let the email through.Email is useful and patrician and is an efficient way to contact my friends and relatives. If I want to get in touch with several people in one email I alone put a semi-colon in between each persons email address. If I want to get in touch with several people, email is one of the easiest slipway to do so.I finish set up an address book which means I could email everyone in that address book at once, also by setting up an address book I dont have to remember everyones email address and it helps me stop reservation mistakes. Workers in offices usually have email accounts open all day, which means if they receive an email the response clock clock is very quick.The worry with email is that if the in misfortune becomes kick the bucket I couldnt receive any more(prenominal) emails until I had deleted some of my old ones. Pictures take up a striation of space and some pictures stack be too big to send in the first place. Say for instance I had done a word document in invoice on Hitler and the Nazis, I may want to carry on with it at home but when I come to send it, I cant because I have too many pictures on there that take up space. in like manner if someone doesnt have broadband than it could take a long time to attach a document or origination to an email and even with broadband it could take a long time depending on the size of the file.A tidy thing about most email accounts is that they be free but then I get a propagate of adverts and pop-ups.If email companies are going to give people free email then they occupy to get the money from somewhere to make sure they can afford the payment of the site, this is where the adverts and pop-ups come in, other companies pay companies such as hotmail to put their adverts and pop-ups on their websites hence hotmail can pay for the upkeep of the site.I can set up a filter on my email account so that I only receive emails from people in my address book. The problem is though that before I can receive emails from someone I deficiency to add them to my address book and if someone changes their email I select to edit my address book.The alternatives to email are fax, which can be quick but can speak to a lot of money, or text that is quick so long as the other person has their phone on you also need signal and credit, which can be a problem. Both can be useful if email is not available, but when compared to the quickness and the fact that email is basically free, email is the best thing to use.To conclude, email is useful to get with people no matter where they are in the world mostly free of cost, which means it can be better than a mobile phone or fax but due to the time difference between countries , there is no guarantee that they will receive the email in the time you need them to see it.EntertainmentThe next thing I will look at will be the entertainment side of ICT and for this I will look at games consoles. There is a lot of competition at the moment between the PS2 made by Sony, the Gamecube made by Nintendo and the Xbox made by Microsoft.People use games consoles for 3 main purposes the first is single vivifyer use where the player simply plays the game on their own trying to fare the game. The second is multiplayer use where dickens or more people can play on one console and either try to complete the game cooperatively or go against each other in polar game types. The third is online play, which has only recently taken off since broadband became so popular. At the moment there is no prospect for online play on the Gamecube but Xbox and PS2 have successful online play. Players who want to play online need broadband to play because dial-up cant handle the speed that is required. The Xbox online play is called Xbox Live and players make an account for 40 a year and can make a call of friends and whenever their friends are online they can join them and play with them. The problem is that if two friends want to play together they both need the same game and both need to be online. Also, if broadband is not available then people cant play online.I use an Xbox and play Xbox Live quite often. I have experienced problems though, for example my broadband router had broken and I couldnt go on Xbox Live until I got it fixed, also the Xbox Live service had not responded which again meant that I couldnt use the service. The other problem is that paedophiles are able to use the service so you never know if the person you are talking to is being genuine or not.People also use games consoles for watching DVDs but this has only become available in the newer consoles. With the Xbox you can also put a CD into the Xbox and save it to the integrated hard disk an d can then play the CDs temporary hookup your playing a game. Again this is technology that has only recently been introduced.Another type of entertainment is digital TV. sooner TV and radio receiver used running(a) signals but over the past few years more and more digital radios and digital TVs have become available. A digital signal is basically a TV or radio signal that is computerised and has to be decoded at the receiving end in order to watch digital TV or listen to virtually crystal clear music on a radio.Digital television (DTV) allows you to receive digital transmissions from different TV post that have installed digital transmitters and record their programmes using equipment that can handle digital signals. With DTV you can enjoy excellent quality pictures and clear sound. But all erect things come at a price and in order to watch Digital TV you must buy either a digital TV adaptor for an existing TV, which will cost about 100, or you can buy a new integrated DTV tel evision set known as a iDTV for about 500.I use Digital TV because I have riffle Digital. It is a good quality picture and good sound and also doesnt cost too much at approx 20 a month. I have a digibox, which is basically a small box on top of or underneath the TV and the signal comes through a Sky dish on the side of my house. The signal is then transferred to the digibox and I can watch the channel I want on my TV. There are a lot of channels on Sky and I only have a few of them. There are also movie channels which show movies 24/7 on about 12 different channels, and sport channel which shows sport 24/7 on about 15 different channels, but to have all these channels can cost over 50 a month.The disadvantage comes when there is bad weather. In heavy rain the signal often gets interrupted which means that either no signal is received or a very poor signal is received. As in a thunderstorm, the signal gets interrupted and no signal can be received. Other problems can be if the stati on I am receiving the picture from is experiencing technical problems no signal can be received. Most of the time though the quality is good and there is no problem.A revolutionary new technology that Sky has introduced is called Sky plus. With this you get a new digibox and Sky plus allows you to pause live TV, record shows and watch them later without the use of a VCR. You can even rewind live TV if you want to watch something again, such as a good goal in a football match. If you do stop or rewind then a little counter comes up on screen that tells you how far behind the live TV you are, then by simply pressing play on the remote control you can carry on watching from where you paused it or you can fair go back to the live TV by pressing the sky button. This is technology that has only recently been introduced and costs an extra 10 on top of whatever sky package you already have.Storage MediaThere are a lot of different types of Storage Media. Originally data was stored on flopp y disks but space was limited and the disks were quite large. Consequently there soon became a need for more and more space to store things on. Floppy disks could only hold 1.4mb of data but then zip drives became available which could hold different amounts of data, the uttermost of which was 250mb. The disadvantage of this was that you couldnt put the disk straight into your computer. You had to buy a zip drive which either connected to the computer through USB or you could hoopla it straight into the computer. This was only a short- term solution and demand came for more and more space. The answer was compact disks, known as CDs for short. Originally designed to hold music, CDs could hold up to 700mb of data, an ideal source for storing data.Nowadays computers are fitted with CD-Rewriters (CD-RW), which can store music on a CD, make a copy of a CD, or just store es.here are currently two types of disks available they areCD-Record (CD-R) this can only have files or music stored on it once and then you cant add or take anything off the CD.CD-Rewritable (CD-RW) this can have music or files stored on it as many times as you want. If you add something and feel you want to add more, you can easily do this.You can now get a DVD type disk. These can hold much more data than normal CDs but they do cost more and will not work on some older computers.I usually use CD-R to store music because CD-RW does not work on some CD players, which can be a problem. If I want to store data on a CD however I usually use a CD-RW as most computers can read these and I can always add more data at a later stage.Businesses use CD-RW on their computers because if they have data that they want everyone in the office to have, then they can simply put the data on a CD and make numerous copies of it. They can then give everyone in the office a copy of the CD.At school we use CD-RW. For example, in the ICT course, the school wanted us each to have two CDs. They had the two CDs they want ed and then copied them and gave everyone doing the ICT course a copy to take home. The CDs had useful software and information on that I will use while doing the ICT course.The obvious disadvantage to storing data or music on CDs is that if the CD becomes full then no more data can be put onto the CD. If you want to put a PowerPoint presentation and a word document on a CD then the presentation may take up a lot, maybe even all, the space. This will depend on the content and how many pictures it has on it. If the presentation does take up all the space then there wont be enough room for the word document and that would mean you would have to use another CD. That would be an inconvenient because you would have to carry two CDs around.The alternative to CDs is email but the amount of data that can be sent by email can be limited. Also the person who needs the information may not have access to a computer. Another alternative is to print all the information on root and post it to the person who needs it.CommunicationMobile phones are everywhere these days and virtually everyone has got one. Mobile phones used to be much larger than they are now and were a big inconvenience to carry around, as they couldnt just fit into your pocket like the mobile phones of today. Only wealthy businessmen owned them, as they were expensive to both use and buy. As with all things, over time they got smaller and smaller and now they can be very small and more and more people have them. They are even regarded as a necessity to young people. People dont just use mobile phones for calling other people though. Texting has become a very popular way to communicate, especially amongst the younger generation. There are two main types of messageShort Message Service (SMS) this is the most common use of texting and one of the most useful. A message, just like an email, of up to cl characters can be sent to one or more people at once for an average of 10p per message. Due to the small amoun t of characters a texting dustup has developed to reduce space and therefore enable you to say more in a message.An example of this language would be you has been shortened to just u. They both sound the same but one takes up fewer characters than the other. Hundreds of thousands of these messages are sent every day from mobile to mobile and providing signal is good and both people have there mobile phones on, a text message can be sent from here to Australia in an amazing 6 seconds. New services have become available using text messages. For example phone companies such as Vodafone allow mobile phone users to accept to a service where football or cricket scores can be sent to the subscribers phone as soon as they happen.Multimedia pass Service (MMS) Another recent development, MMS is an advanced form of SMS. Instead of just sending a message, new mobile phones will allow you to send photos, or you could send ringtones, or a pre-recorded voice message. These new phones are a lit tle heavier then old mobile phones, but they are more sophisticated. For instance, if you go on holiday, instead of sending a postcard to your friends and family you could just take a picture using the inbuilt camera and send it using an MMS message. You can even add some writing to it.I have a new mobile phone with a digital camera I can take good quality pictures and then send them to my friends. I also use a mobile phone to text my friends but to do this I need a good signal and sufficient credit.Businesses use mobile phones, especially people that travel around a lot and are not based in one location all the time. Salesmen would find it hard to manage without mobile phones, as they need to be able to keep in touch with their customers, and with one another, at all times.One major disadvantage of mobile phones is that they are thought to emit radioactivity. Although this has not been proven there are many people that believe that radio masts and mobile phones are a health problem to them and there are strict planning laws regarding the positioning of radio masts.

Religion and Practitioner Change Care Essay

Will the expectation of tutelage vary based on the faith base of the patient involved? How can the practitioner change care practice based on the faith of the patient? Give an exampleMacKinlay (2006) as cited by Barber (2012) suggest that religion is an organized system of beliefs, practices, and rituals designed to facilitate closeness to the sacred through the understanding of ones relationship and responsibility to others living together in a community. Therefore, in performing our duties as healthcare providers, we encounter patients of different faith and religious background. In my opinion, I do think that the expectation of care should vary based on the faith of the patient. Health care practitioners should plan their care with special consideration to patients spiritual or religious rituals because it is important to involved the patients, families, and caregivers in their plan of care. Also, it exit increase patient compliance with their aesculapian care.For example, in t he facility where I work, every new admission has to fill out their religious beliefs this will modify the facility make adequate provision to accommodate them. On the average we have two major groups of believers the Muslims and the Christians. For the Muslim patients we incorporate their plan of care into their Ramadan activities in such a way that they get all their treatment and medications before the start of fasting we also respect their prayer time.Also, female nursing/medical team care for the female patients since Muslim women prefers female provider because they are more comfortable with them. As for the Christians, they usually have their church programs every Wednesdays and Sundays and as such we plan their care in such a way that it does not interfere with their prayer times or church activities.ReferenceBarber, C. (2012). spiritism and religion a brief definition. British Journal of Healthcare Assistants, 6(8), 378-381.

Just Lather That’s All

Just Lather, Thats All principles vs. actions In Hernando Tellezs Just Lather, Thats All despite given the opportunity to greatly help the revolutionists, the neaten cigaretnot attain lord Torres because the act goes against his moral beliefs. Even eliminateing an evil man is beyond his personal principles. On the other hand, captain Torres is more than opened of cleanup position the barber, but his arrogance prevents him. His intentional provocation of the barber tests the revolutionist he knows the potential danger, but refuses to accept the possibility as he believes he cannot be killed by such a simple man.Morality and arrogance prevent both characters from killing each other their principles mean more to them than their duties. The Barber cannot kill Captain Torres, because he go outs murder ethically ugly. After the horrible hanging of the revolutionists by Captain Torres, he becomes horrified and contemplates killing the man And how easy it would be to kill him. And h e deserves it. Does he? No (par. 12) The Barber is certain that murdering Captain Torres is easy for him, but his morality puts him in hesitation, which is clearly shown as he contradicts himself Torres deserves to die.Does he? No The Barber thinks that no one deserves to have someone else make the sacrifice of becoming a murderer (par. 12), even if that one is a unkind executor like Captain Torres. The word sacrifice emphasizes the Barbers hate for murderers, as it shows that someone must give up his moral principles and turn into a monster in order to become a murderer. The Barber has to sacrifice the joy of perfecting his job by committing the most shameful mistake a Barber can make opening a customers pores and emitting blood. Blood is the word that the Barber doesnt like out of his neck a thrill of blood would spout onto the sheet the blood would keep inching along the floorineradic equal to(p)like a scarlet stream. (par. 12) The Barbers disgust for blood, which symboliz es guilt, is manifested as he describes how once blood spouts, it volition spread and never stop ineradicable. In other words, the feel of guilt will be in him forever. The Barber thinks that killing Captain Torres while he is shaving for him and his eyes are closed is cowardly of him Captain Torres murderer.He slit his throat while he was shaving him a coward. (par. 12) The Barber clearly hates blood and murder he does not even kill the most brutal man. He realizes he will be called a murderer an awful word that will always haunt him. He will be perceived as a coward for killing a brutal but defenseless man. However he claims that he is a revolutionary and not a murderer (par. 12) which is ironic since revolutionists are cognize to do anything even if it threaten their lives, in order to stand up for their beliefs.But the Barber is not willing to become a villain like Captain Torres I dont want to be a murderer, no sirI dont want blood on my hands. Just Lather, thats all. (par. 13) The repetition of the word blood emphasizes how blood (guilt) is the first image that comes to the Barbers mind when he thinks about murder. His morality makes him take the decision and that is to let the captain go. The Barber doesnt want guilt or blood. He only wants to do his job just lather thats all. Simultaneously, Captain Torres can easily kill the Barber but his conceit tempts him to test the Barber.He cant stand the idea of a normal man being able to kill him. He taunts the Barber by talking about the people he has captured and how they will all be executed soon. He wants to provoke him to find out if the revolutionist can kill him or not. Not one of them comes out them comes out of this alive, not one, (par. 5) says Captain Torres, knowing that the Barber is sympathetic toward the rebels. Captain Torres repeats not one to indirectly threaten the Barber he tries to scare the Barber to find out if the man is brave enough to commit the murder or not subsequently this t hreat.At the end, Captain Torres telling the Barber that he knows his secret shows how arrogant he is instead of killing or capturing the man after exposing him, he walks away Captain Torres and the Barber fail in killing each other because of the Barbers ethicalness and Captain Torres vanity. The Barber killing someone is out of question even if it is someone ruthless like Captain Torres. Captain Torres pride controls his actions to make him not help but test the Barber instead of killing him.

Frankenstein’s story Essay

The blindness involved in Waltons pursuit of recognition is alarming. As the leader of a dangerous expedition, he is responsible for the lives of separate men. His fervent longing for glory in his scientific pursuit endangers those men as he overlooks clean-living and flat rational perceptions of what is possible and what is not. He seems nave of morality, and plans to succeed even at the cost of homosexual life because he considers this discovery worth such a sacrificeOne creations life or death is but a small price to pay for the acquirement of the intimacy which I sought.I flinched at the use of the word I. The knowledge he seeks appears to be for his own self-gratification.His shipmates do not agree with himThe men, unsupported by ideas of glory and honour, can never willingly continue to head for the hills their present hardships.Waltons egocentricity becomes apparent as he never once asks about his sisters well beingness, despite the fact that he has not seen her for a number of years. Later as we reckon Frankensteins story, we find that this element in Waltons character is also mirrored in his own, as he disregards his family for years as he experiments with the principle of life. Once again the selfishness of the pursuit of glory is paramount, come through the search for knowledge.Because Walton has overcome a minor problem on his expedition (the leakage) he becomes overconfident and believes that he can overcome any obstacles of natureWhy not still proceed over the raging yet obedient element?Victor Frankenstein has too much ambition for his own goodwealth was an inferior object, but what glory would attend the discoveryThe isolation that he experiences is very much self-inflicted. Frankenstein was self-taught in subjects that only he had interest in the principles of life.The major path that he followed was influenced by this solitary learn of an unconventional topic. Fastidiously studying a topic left untouched by all out front him, his ignorant ambition conquers all morals as he persists searching for recognition and immortality as a result of mans quest for knowledge, the ultimate isolation of a being is created. It is extremely irresponsible, and proves that man may not be strong enough to deal with the continual food for discovery and wonder. at a time that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. Unable to endure the expression of the being I had created, I rushed out of the room.The Creation is dreadfully joyless because of this rejection and neglect, and he is even alienated from society because Victor Frankenstein blindly created him to be hideousI had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful extensive GodThoughtlessly, Frankenstein continued with his task, without considering the acceptance of the Creature into civilization.Our sympathy for the Daemon is heightened by his own obliviousness unfortunately I did not entirely know the fatal e ffects of this miserable deformity.Also, the Daemon lives as raw(a) man. He does not even discover fire until he stumbles across it in the forest. As he seeks shelter near the DeLaceys cottage, he learns civilisation by watching and listening like a child. He learns the ways of interaction, notions of pain and joy, and the Science of Words. I feel that this is the true wonder of discoveryI tardily perceived that, although I eagerly longed to discover myself to the cottagers, I ought not to make the attempt until I had prototypal become master of their language.The Daemons development is rapid, though it is his own father who should have taught him these things. He is totally alone with his learning. He is so grateful for his friends (although it is a one-sided relationship), and so remorseful for stealing, that he anonymously clears the snow from their path, helps to farm the land, and collects firewood for them thus from a hunter-gatherer he has developed into a sentient being t hrough his solitary self-teaching. Through these discoveries he is doing good for others. He is deeply affected when they are unhappyI thought (foolish wretch) that it might be in my power to restore happiness to these be people.

Project Sustainability

Executive summary This module is not a detailed pick by of all(a) aspects of deliverability. The goal of this module is a habitual introduction into findability with a focus on the bear upon and the effect on go fors University of southwesternern Queensland 2 MGT8021 Project sustainability trouble throughout their spiritedness span. With this knowledge it should be possible for you to identify, go through and address the primordial issues related to definition and legal transfer of molds that adhere to current concepts of sustainability, and how to envision for the victuals of those excogitates throughout their life span.The concept of sustainability is explored in destinations of consumption of resources this can apply to inputs that ar required to the flip system in order to deliver the project outcomes, the processes by which the project is managed, and the nature of the outputs and their need for resources throughout their purposeful life span. A twin e of project sectors is contracted in order to understand the different implications for each sector. Also, it must be remembered that sustainability works inside of a closed loop system.In all of your deliberations about sustainability and project management you must remember the need to maintain a systems overture. 1. 1 Sustainability issues in a project environment Sustainability is a term that evokes emotion in passel about indisput suitable events or practices that impinge on our long term survival of ourselves and all early(a) aspects of our pla crystalize. We need to be able to work through this emotion and focus on what is important in an objective and reflective appearance. By their very nature projects use and affect many resources throughout the life of the project.Some of these resources are consumed or adversely affected by the project. For example, if in that respect was a project to build a new major airport, there would be many issues to consider, and the is sue is can their resolution be free burning for the life of the airport? So, the head teacher we need to ask when addressing the project is Can this project be sustained and for how long? The resources required to sustain the project whitethorn be physical (natural resources) or they might simply be state (human resources). They could as well include local resources as well as imported resources.As a result there are many dimensions of sustainability to consider in a project environment. In 1983 the United Nations World relegating on Environment and Development (WCED) convened under Gro Harlem Brundtland a commission to address the growing concern about the accelerating declivity of the human environment and natural resources and the consequences of that deterioration for economic and social ontogenesis. This became known as the Brundtland Commission. The Brundtland Commission delimitate sustainable development in its 1987 Report titled Our Common Future asSustainable develop ment is development that meets the demand of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987) A full copy of the calculate is available at http//www. un-documents. net/wced-ocf. htm There are other definitions but this one is often used as the baseline definition. The school principal that needs to be proactively communicate as we look at the resources required to construct and sustain a project, allow it be possible to sustain current and future resources? There are cardinal aspects of sustainability to a project.In the design and construction phases of the project, resources of all kinds are consumed. Similarly, during its operational life there is a need to University of southern Queensland MGT8021 Project sustainability management 3 provide resources so that the project can continue to operate moolahably and efficiently throughout its life. This through life provision of r esources is also known as the sustainment phase. This term is used by Defence, but it is also being used in the wider commercial areas. Blanchard (p. 350) provides a shortstop description about sustaining system maintenance and support functions.But, to sustain these functions requires a capability to provide the verify and depth of services for the expected life of the project, including extensions. We often think of project life in juristic injury of years, but, much than likely, it will be decades or in the case of dams, centuries. So, it is important in terms of the project to understand the life of the project as well as the sustaining events for it. When dealing with terms that can sacrifice meanings depending upon the context of the situation as well as the potential for emotion, it is important to catch a clayey base on which to use the word, and to be able to defend its usage.A search of the Oxford English lexicon shows that sustainability prototypal appeared in t he mid-1960s in a breed that is consistent with contemporary usage. Its usage in the context of sustainable development is introductory referenced in 1972. So, it is a relatively new word. The On-Line Oxford English Dictionary defines sustainable development as follows sustainable development n. (a) Econ. economic development which can be sustained in the long term (b) Ecol. utilization and development of natural resources in ways which are congruous with the maintenance of these resources, and with the conservation of the environment, for future generations.When developing a project it is necessary to be able to influence the current and future needs of the project and the ability of the providers of the future to meet those needs. To carry out the sustainment work of maintenance will require facilities and workshops of different sources. Although these are technical designs, they are controlled by other factors such as planning laws. Therefore, to start developing a definition for sustainability we need to start by considering the wider meaning of sustainable development. Reading activity 1. 1 Selected reading 1. is the Sustainable Development Guidelines for the Brisbane City Council which is a fully grown local political sympathies body in Queensland Australia (Brisbane City Council 2005). This reading will provide more than indepth detail about sustainable development as required by a local government control. On completion of this reading, carry out research to find out what your local government authority requires in terms of sustainable development. Compare the two burn upes. Selected reading 1. 2 is a paper establish on the work done by the Western Australia government on sustainability (Hartz-Karp & Newman 2006).Governments at all levels have an interest in sustainable development, and this paper describes the issues in setting up a sustainability program from first principles. After completing these readings, reflect on the wider issues of s ustainability and the sustaining outcomes described by Blanchard. Can you identify the links amongst the different needs? University of Southern Queensland 4 MGT8021 Project sustainability management 1. 2 Reporting sustainability Given the various industries involved in projects, it would be difficult to have comparative and transparent reporting without round form of consistent process.This is achieved though the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) (Global Reporting Initiative 2008). The GRI is the world de facto stock(a) on sustainability reporting. This is achieved though a set of guidelines, currently known as the G3. The purpose of these guidelines is for organizations to report their social, economic and environmental performance as routinely and with the same discipline as the financial reports. Many organizations routinely report on their sustainability credentials using the GRI G3 guidelines as the reporting standard.Reading activity 1. 2 Log onto www. globalreporting. o rg and familiarize yourself with the general content of the site. Read the G3 Guidelines to appreciate the range and depth of issues addressed in sustainability reporting. As can be seen from the G3 Guidelines, reporting imposes a substantial workload on an organization. Also, as this is an important communication document for the organization, whatsoever industries can expect to have their sustainability report critically evaluated by groups within the community. Reading activity 1. 3Log onto websites for large organizations such as those suggested below and do internal searches for sustainability. Read these approaches and reports and see the extent to which this work is done. Now, if you were on a project within an organization such as this, with these reporting requirements, how would you approach this work? ? BHP Billiton at www. bhpbilliton. com ? Rio Tinto at www. riotinto. com ? Hydro Tasmania at www. hydro. com. au 1. 3 Sustainability doctors on management of projects Pro jects do not occur in a vacuum. They occur in a business environment that is closely monitored by many people.Many of these people have no direct involvement on the project, but they are interested in it because of the way it could affect their lifestyle or the natural environment in some way. Traditionally, we talk about the shareholders of a project. Increasingly, business is being forced to consider Triple Bottom line (TBL) reporting. In this paradigm, shareholders are replaced by stakeholders. From a project management approach it is now necessary to make sure that a broader range of stakeholders than just shareholders is clearly identified. It is now University of Southern QueenslandMGT8021 Project sustainability management 5 necessary to address the needs of stakeholders other than just shareholders, and these could be competing interests. Reading activity 1. 4 Read selected reading 1. 3 on sustainability in business (Dorf 2001). Consider the added requirements that emerging sustainability issues are placing on business. How do these issues ingest included in the overall bud lay for a project? As a project has a future life, it is not good enough to reinvent the past. It is necessary that you be able to consider future issues.These may be unclear early in the life of a project but, you need to attempt to develop some idea of what sustainability issues will impact the future of the project. For example, a project might be a suburban rail system with an expected life of 40 years. How do you plan for appropriately trained people to maintain the system over the 40 years? One of the closely critical aspects of through life project sustainability is obsolescence. The obsolescence could be in the form of parts, tools, facilities, or skills. At a high level, obsolescence could be cod to the technology or societal factors.An example is the demise of societys acceptance of coal-fired power move over the last few years. Obsolescence management is an importan t aspect of project management sustainability and requires good skills in understanding technology from all aspects. You need to be able to anticipate the changes that are likely to happen. This forethought will usually rely upon reading about relevant and complementary topics as well as seeking specialized opinions. The reference list includes books that provide approaches to future issues and problems.Even though it may seem delusive at this time, carefully crafted future thinking may position your project far ahead of anything else at that time. The book Cradle to Cradle (McDonough & Braumgart 2002) is a good example of addressing the challenges we need to address. In the classic through-life approach we talk about cradle to the grave to reflect that at the end of its useful life, equipment is disposed of in some way. In the cradle to cradle concept the emphasis is on designing products and their packaging so that at the end of useful life they are regenerated, rather than just discarded thoughtlessly.Remaining Useful manner (RUL) is one of the measures of performance that is often used to asses an asset. This is usually calculated on classical economic bases to get the most profitable life out of an asset. However, it may be that other criteria included in the G3 or Triple Bottom Line reporting are the drivers of the Remaining Useful Life of the project. When considering the sustainability impact on projects it is necessary to take a systems view and think proactively about the through-life sustainability issues of a project.Just because the issue seems unrealistic at this time, does not mean that it could not turn into a significant problem to resolve in the future. That is, significant management problems may be created for the future. University of Southern Queensland 6 MGT8021 Project sustainability management 1. 4 Sustainability considerations for project sectors In a practical sense, sustainability issues are driven by environmental Impact inst ructions. There are two broad considerations statutory and voluntary.In some projects (such as mining) there is a statutory requirement to perform an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and publish the findings in an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Dont get caught up in the actual terms, as there is little consensus on what constitutes an EIA or an EIA. In most cases, it will be decided by the circumstances of the project. On other projects there may not be any statutory requirement however, given the attitude of the community towards major projects, there may be a need for voluntary consideration of the issues addressed in Environmental Impact Statement requirements.It is not possible to identify all considerations for all sectors and table 1. 1 provides a summary of the key general considerations to be addressed. Table 1. 1 Environmental considerations by project sector Sector Considerations melodic phrase Air worthiness, passenger comfort, passenger safety, reputation Pr operty Physical appearance, occupant safety, public safety engineering science Design strength, maintenance, maintenance support, integrity Infrastructure Service provision, public safety, extremely long life bundle Media, programming skills, configuration, documentationQuite often there are numerous regulations that prescribe the issues to be considered for sustainability. This is achieved through environmental investigations into a particular project. The Wyaralong Dam is a new project to build a dam near Beaudesert, south of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia. This project requires an Environmental Impact Statement, the details of which are available at http//www. deedi. qld. gov. au/cg/wyaralong-dam-project. hypertext mark-up language Log onto the universal resource locator above and skim through the scope of considerations for such a project. Now, log onto the URL below for a fact sheet on environmental impact statements http//www. pa. qld. gov. au/register/p00320aa. pdf plo t at this site navigate to the various links to obtain a wider perspective of the considerations of the environmental impact statements. Focus on the first terce elements of this fact sheet. University of Southern Queensland MGT8021 Project sustainability management 7 ? pass judgment the potential adverse and beneficial environmental, economic, and social impacts of the project ? provide information to the public about the project and its impacts ? obtain input from the community and stakeholders about the project, its impacts and managementThese three elements address the core considerations that need to be addressed to demonstrate the sustainability of the project. Although there are many elements listed in the fact sheet, it is realistic to assume that if these three elements are not done correctly the project will find progress difficult for a number of reasons not associated with the technical aspects of the project. A significant issue that faces global organizations is to ensure that the sustainability considerations for projects that are legal in one jurisdiction are not illegal in another jurisdiction.Many larger organizations have Codes of Practice or Codes of Conduct to assure an independent legal authority that the integrity of their processes is compliant. Assuring project sustainability in your sector may fall into this realm of compliance reporting. You will need to find out to ensure that this matter is addressed otherwise it poses a significant legal and financial risk to the organization. That is, how do the governance responsibilities and ac numberingabilities drive the requirements for sustainability considerations in your sector?To consolidate your understanding of sustainability considerations you should explore the statutory and voluntary considerations for project sustainability in your local area. 1. 5 Draft a sustainability baffle for a project A model is the description of reality. However, as many different people will have a diverse intuition of reality, it is often difficult in a consensus environment developing a model. The risk adverse approach is to view a model developed by another group and adapt or adopt it for the groups purpose. Sometimes this will work and sometimes it will not.Even with these difficulties it is still beneficial to consider the elements of a sustainability model. Reading activity 1. 5 Selected reading 1. 4 is a report on a national sustainability initiative. Sustainability models can take many forms and have different starting points, and an example of this is the Australian subject Sustainability Initiative (ANSI) (Australian National Biocentre Inc. 2004). Look at the cover photo. It shows the interface between urban and un-developed land, with a creek as the boundary. If you look at the creek you will notice that it is a series of water holes.Now, count how many swimming pools are located in the adjoining private residences. Can our water courses sustain private swimming pools? Read through this initiative and form your own views about whether this document offers a baseline as a suitable model for sustainability? If it does how and why if it does not how and why not? University of Southern Queensland 8 MGT8021 Project sustainability management The basic model for sustainability is based on the balance between economics, ecology and society. Dorf (2001) paragraph 2. 3 addresses this triple interpenetrate line approach.Figure 1. 1 provides an approach to a general model for sustainability. Figure 1. 1 The interdependence of economics, ecology and society (Source Dorf 2001, p. 43) In this model the three elements of triple bottom line accounting are divided into four main groups of corporation, cultural values, community, and person. These groups are further subdivided into 12 components to be considered. In your current or future experience you will come across models with more than 100 components. Dorf (2001, p. 51) lists ten principles of sus tainable business practices.There practices were developed by the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible economic science (CERES). In these examples from Dorf we see approaches to models based on a relatively few components. In drafting a model it is suggested that you work with 1012 components to keep it understandable. If there are too many components it will be difficult to maintain comprehension of what is being modeled and this will make it difficult to pass away your model. Key aspects will get lost in the minutia of the detail. The twelve points proposed in figure1. are analogous to the standard twelve points of the compass, and this makes it easy to present to a wider audience. Other approaches to a model include the G3 reporting material (Global Reporting Initiative 2008). The G3 describes how sustainability should be reported and this makes it a model in its own right. But this is a very detailed approach and is probably better approached through a more general highe r model such as in Figure 1. 1. When drafting a sustainability model it is necessary to cache as many approaches to a model as is possible and to make them as inclusive as possible.The key issue is to be able to find the balance for your project that is accepted by the wider stakeholders, and does not trivialize important issues. This might mean that you have to research many aspects of the project, other than its technical components in order to draft a good model. In the supplementary reading list are several(prenominal) titles that provide a range of views to consider when developing project management strategies and plans. University of Southern Queensland MGT8021 Project sustainability management 9 In this module we look at sustainability as a break dance issue.However, it must be seen as part of the quality management system of an organization. ISO9000 is a set of standards for quality management kept up(p) by the International Organization for Standardization , and propo ses figure 2. 1 as a model for the livery of quality within an organization. Sustainability is part of the quality system and should not be treated separately from it or exclude it. In this context, the quality system should also include project management standards such as those in the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) (Project Management Institute 2004).Thus, the key drivers in the project are addressed through the one paradigm of quality. Figure 1. 2 Model of a process-based quality management system (Source ISO9000 2006, p. 3) In the quality diagram shown in figure 1. 2, the various stakeholders are clearly identified as input customers who are imposing requirements on the system. In the product acknowledgement phase, (the project) the requirements come to life and treated as part of the continuously improving aspects of the quality management systems. For those who use Six Sigma processes in their organization, the same link is made.A model for sustain ability should not be seen as a separate model, but inclusive of and derived for and from the quality management system. All of the sustainability issues and considerations that we have addressed can be addressed within the quality management system model. This is probably the most powerful model to represent the fealty of the organization to sustainability. Conclusions Projects are an important mechanism to deliver the goods and services of all types that we require for living. This also includes the delivery of goods and services in the aid of others or natural disasters. University of Southern Queensland 10 MGT8021 Project sustainability management Projects do not exist in a vacuum and impact on all aspects of society, economy and resources. This is represented by the triple bottom line approach to accounting, and this puts projects beyond the classic economic theory stopping point processes. There is increasing pressure on organizations to deliver projects that are more than simply good profit to the shareholders. The current and increasing requirement emphasizes the need to ensure that the project also brings benefits to society as a whole.To be able to consider this wider systems approach, it is necessary to proactively adopt an approach to projects that places correct emphasis on components that affect the sustainability of the project. These components could be as economically obtuse as placing high value on areas of biodiversity as the more measurable of higher levels of Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT). Being able to successfully navigate through sustainability issues is an increasingly important skill of the project manager.

Political Corruption and Countries Essay

Corruption is a word with many meanings and each of them depends on the ad hoc social and political context in which it is used (Brown, 2006). Nowadays this phenomena is closely connected with political creation and business sphere. In developing countries mainly frugal field is attached by this task. In the nineties when those countries accepted official bribery and a ample misuse of public money the level of subversion has increased (Hwang, Jung & Lim, 2010). Lots of flaws that still exist in the system of those countries wipe out caused this complicated problem. First of all(prenominal), it is the selfishness and voracity of citizenry.According to Johnson, despoilion appears in a weak civil society (as cited in Causes of Corruption, 2001, parity bit 3). It elbow room that the lack of moral values and ethics is the main cause of decadency. A survey which was conducted in southwestern Africa proves this detail, because 31 per cent of hoi polloi pointed this antec edent as the most common one (as cited in Causes of crookedion, 2001, para 6). Secondly, a nonher factor that caused this problem is the lack of strict punishment. For instance, the author Schumpeter comp atomic number 18s corruption with eruption and says that corrupt raft do take bribes because it is in their purpose (Schumpeter, 2010).They keep getting money by illegal appearance because they always have the possibility to avoid serious punishment. Thirdly, corruption thrives when bad governance makes it impossible to control. As, H. L. Mencken give tongue to Every election is a sort of advance auction sale of stolen goods. (Stossel, 2009, para 6). So, it is always central to choose the right person to be on the head of a unpolished because he or she would have an enormous power. Otherwise, corruption would have the negative effect and consequences on the economic development.First of all, it would subject the growth of business benefits in developing countries. In the presence of corruption, businessmen ar aw atomic number 18 of the fact that bribing is acceptable and obviously they would commit corrupt proceedings (Mauro, 1997). For example, those entrepreneurs would avoid regular tax paying. Secondly, this phenomenon contradicts with the democratic opportunities and lowers the war-ridden ability of the countries as well. It has been proved that corruption has a negative impact on investment and economic growth because it lowers the marginal productivity of capital (Hwang, Jung & Lim, 2010).As a result this factor breeds to the economic part in developing countries because the budget money has been stolen in spacious amounts. Different types of researches, whether in the international or in local level have showed that the problem still stays as one of the spicy topics. Firstly, over the past few years, some(prenominal) $10 billion worth of oil, cars, telecom equipment, and cigarettes has passed illegally done the Fujian port across from T aiwan (Robberts & Clifford, 2000). Secondly, one recent data estimated that in that respect was a 1.15 per cent decrease in economic growth in 40 countries because of the corruption effects (Hwang, Jung & Lim, 2010). From the examples of these studies it is seen that developing countries are suffering from the horrible affects of economic corruption. The population does not get any profit from a huge amount of natural resources that they own because all the investments are stolen by the local elites and corrupt officials (Craggs, 2005). Current nibs of the presidential term officials such as anti-corruption programs are not enough. The problem needs sincerely effective and working solutions to be done in a short period of time.The first solution is that the government should encourage alert public participation in anti-corruption plans. The major reason of the flourishing corrupt practices is the permissions misconception most it. People give bribes and think that they are be nefiting from it. There is not much consensus in their actions and most of them do not consider the consequences (as cited in Causes of corruption, 2001, para 11). But the problem such as corruption requires embodied actions and the balanced burden of responsibilities (Ngozi, 2008).It would be much better if tidy sum stop taking bribes and risk to cover up about corrupt practices that they have witnessed. Obviously this measure would process to prevent the problem with the roots. There are some(prenominal) advantages that it could bring. Firstly, people would enjoy the benefits of a democratic society. They are likely to value the chance of act in governments anti-corrupt programs. By taking part in the governments plans the authority will create serious office towards the problem as well (Limit corruption, 2006). Secondly, the power against corruption would sound even stronger.The government alone faces lots of difficulties and troubles in the way of solving this problem (Sc hweiker & Trofimenko, 2009). There is not much help from the authoritys side. But cooperate actions would be really helpful in realization of anti-corruption programs. Thirdly, people would get a good knowledge of the real situation. The reason for such an arising skirmish is that almost everyone is be convinced by propaganda and entertainment efforts of the media (Hinz, 2005). It has buy the farm very easy to change peoples viewpoint, they often tend to believe what is written in the newspapers and shown on TV screen.But instead of this, each of them would personally investigate the issue and report to the justice officials about the cases of corruption. However, this solution has one discriminate as well. It definitely requires some period of time. It is impossible to immediately reformulate peoples attitude towards money. The majority of the human authority is elusive in bribery because it has become a way of action and a form of economic survival for them (Hors, 2000). Th ey have got used to it, so it would be hard to determine the problem quickly. But combined job of the government and the authority would definitely bring positive effects in the future.Finally, cooperate actions of ordinary people with politicians would be beneficial in preventing negative affects of corruption on economic development of the countries. The second solution is that the government should use strict methods of punishment against people involved in corruption. For example, nowadays in the governmental field lots of doubtful situations occur. Politicians spend a huge amount of money, nearly 70 percent of their budget, on TV and Internet advertising campaigns (Hinz, 2005). But later on the elections most of those popular individuals forget about their promises to improve the economy.As a result, corruption creates uncertainty, such as a galactic regime collapse, which indeed seriously lowers a countrys economic dexterity (Hwang, Jung & Lim, 2010). Also nowadays ordinar y people also have got used to solve their small problems by giving bribes. For instance, people have to pay even for an ordinary process such obtaining civil documents (Hors, 2000). In any case, regardless of their social status and power each of those persons deserves cruel punishment. They must get a prison sentence and realize the seriousness of the problem.The usage of different methods of strict punishment has some(prenominal) advantages. Firstly, people would be afraid of committing corrupt proceedings. The set of strong rules and regulations will definitely keep them in train way. For example, in Russia the recent law against corruption has made it possible to reduce corruption factors and make its effects less harmful for business field (Business in Russia, 2009). Secondly, every person would be equal in front of the law face. It means that no one would be able to avoid the court. Even the powerful people will have to accept the given punishment.The case with Mukhtar Dzh akishev, the former head of the Kazatomprom can be a bright sample. At the first time he was under the police investigation, but and then Mr. Dzhakishev was arrested because the facts about his corrupt experiences have been proved (Lillis, 2009). However, this kind of solution has one disadvantage. It needs quite big amount of money. Proper and correct investigations of those cases definitely require professional judges. The government would have to pay really good salaries for all of them. Low payment is one of the main reasons to extract bribes from citizens (Causes of corruption, 2001).Only high salaries could help to prevent such practices. But cruel methods of punishments are indeed likely to stop people from committing corrupt proceedings. Overall, individuals would be aware about the consequences that might happen because of their illegal acts. The third solution against corruption is that the government officials should take some active anti-corruption initiatives. Unfortun ately the phenomenon called corruption has always been connected with the politics. The author Stossel (2009) states that, in fact, being in a big government means being involved in big corruption(para 2).Nowadays every $100US one million million of stolen money in developing countries could fund ammunition for 4 million children, or approximately 250 thousand water connections for households, or 50-100 million treatments for malaria (Ngozi, 2008). But politicians do not come along to care and make any serious efforts in combating this significant problem. They are definitely the head of the country and everything takes its root from their actions. Those individuals should serve as the real representatives of justice and fight globose anti-corrupt actions. This possible solution has several advantages. Firstly, people would not show aggressive behaviour.For instance, one recent data proved the fact that global political efforts impact positively on organizational legitimacy and s trategic decision making (Rodriguez, Uhlenbruck & Eden, 2005). The reason is that big conflicts between public and the government can be easily solved in cooperating societies. Secondly, this measure would bring global economic progress to the countries. Unfortunately, nowadays in developing nations leaders consider themselves as commanders and think only about their personal interests. They have forgotten that such a serious problem as corruption requires actions in international level.Leaders should become faithful and hardworking persons in post to build useful relations with other countries in the world. For example, last year U. S. and world leaders have made a meeting to combat global corruption and operate policies against it, reports Transparency International (Fight against Corruption, 2009). Thirdly, there would be real control and discipline in the society. According to the recent United Nations report, detailing permeant corruption in Afghanistan, the Afghan government is often unable to deliver basic services, such as security, food or shelter, or protect communities from lawlessness. (Vlasic & Noell, 2010). While, EU countries has created the project in order to improve all aspects of governance in its member states (Romer, 2010). Developing countries should also make such steps to fight corrupt experiences. However, this measure could bring one disadvantage. Obviously, it would need some period of time. It is really impossible to reformulate wholly political system immediately. Every year in developing countries alone, political officials receive bribes up to several billion dollars. Overall, in order to change this existing reality, the government officials of developing countries must make some cooperate efforts.In conclusion, it seems that developing countries are facing all the present economic difficulties because of the corruption. This phenomenon has indeed become one of the most significant problems in modern society. Combination of s erious and workable solutions must be done in order to prevent its negative impact. Mainly government must encourage peoples participation in anti-corruption programs. Then political officials have to take active measures like meetings in international level. Also those individuals who have broken the law and committed illegal acts must be penalize strictly.After all, if the governments of developing countries do all these efforts, the level of corruption in economic field would decline. References Brown, A. (2006). What are We Trying to Measure? Reviewing the Basics of Corruption Definition. Measuring Corruption. Retrieved on November 07, from http//books. google. com/books? hl=ru&lr=&id=k06/ Business in Russia (2009). Interfax Russia & CIS Business Law Weekly. Retrieved on November 07, from http//proquest. umi. com/ Causes and Conditions of Corruption (2001). Corruption in South Africa, Results of an Expert