International Financial Markets Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Financial Markets - Assignment Example Whereas in hedging, it banks on negative linkage between assets or shorting assets that possess a positive correlation. The modest illustration of diversification is driven home by the proverb that says you should not put all your eggs in a single basket. Moreover, the placement of each egg separately in dissimilar baskets is considered to be more diversified. The risk of losing one egg is more than losing all of them. Therefore diversification aims to downplay the risks through allocating investments between different industries, financial instruments, and other categorizations. Its aims are to maximize the returns by capitalizing in diverse fields that would each respond in a different manner to the same result. Although diversification does not assure one to be free from losses, it is the most important factor that will enable an individual to achieve long-range goals financially and at the same time downplaying the dangers (Denis et al. 2002). When investing, one has to be mindful of the dangers that come along with the deed. There are two primary classes of risks that an investor confronts with while investing. They include unverifiable and diversifiable. Firstly, unverifiable, also known as the market or systematic risk is linked to every society. This case of risks is caused by things like exchange rates, war, inflation rates, interest rates and political instability. Furthermore unverifiable is not believed to be exact to a particular industry or company, and this character of risk cannot be trimmed down or be eliminated by diversification. Hence, it is a danger that investors should come into term with and learn to exist with it. Secondly, diversifiable also referred to as unsystematic risk. This risk is specific to a certain market, state, economy, industry, and market. Unlike unverifiable, this danger can be mitigated by diversification. Moreover, the main

Social Dimensions of Child Abuse in KSA Essay Example for Free

Social Dimensions of Child Abuse in KSA Essay First of all, I wish to laud you for having tackled these important aspects of the problem you wish to do research on: You have an excellent grasp of long-term outcomes, policy changes (p. 7) Acknowledging that some baseline research has already been done (p. 5) Difficulties (p. 6), really Limitations which you must address by recommending suitable methodology Research objectives (p. 6) May I suggest you restructure in this fashion? INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND One paragraph on â€Å"why should we be concerned about child abuse?† One long paragraph on historical prevalence (cite authoritative sources, including those that have parallels to the domestic/family/society practices in KSA). One (long) paragraph on the moral and policy framework espoused by international organizations (e.g. UNICEF?) The child abuse prevalence, social philosophy and policy framework in selected countries (It is good to cite the U.S. but are there others? Notably Muslim ones?) Please consider moving the sentence at the bottom of page 3 here. It’s an effective recap. REVIEW OF LITERATURE You have ten references lined up in the bibliography.   Why not do justice to your research by summarizing what you’ve found in them?   Perhaps in this sequence? Prevalence of child abuse in KSA and other Muslim societies Types of child abuse committed in KSA Why it may be under-reported. (This is where the current content of â€Å"Difficulties of the study† really belongs. Cite sources.) The social factors behind child abuse Social, religious and policy support for combating child abuse in KSA. What legal support is there for intervening in domestic cases of child abuse, for treating both abuser and victim?   In any society, physicians would be hamstrung if laws did not exist to mandate reporting of abuse and penalties for offenders.   Everybody would just sweep things under the rug. How victims are aided/helped and offenders treated What information gaps still exist? IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY Then you’d bring in the pioneering role of KFSHRC here to affirm that some organization is doing something about child abuse but (point G. above) there remain information gaps that must be addressed if effective remedial measures are to be proposed. RESEARCH PROPOSAL PROPER Research Objectives Revise, expand or tone down according to what you have already found in Review of Literature above. 4th bullet point: replace â€Å"volume† with â€Å"incidence† or â€Å"prevalence† 5th and 6th bullet points: move to â€Å"OUTCOMES† below Consider taking out the 7th point, this involves you in doing longitudinal studies. Last bullet point: please consider re-writing to make it more specific or measurable, e.g., â€Å"Formulating – via professional consensus – a structured process for resolution, therapy and general management of abuse patients and offenders†¦.† Type of Study Considering the ticklish social situation you speak about, please think about augmenting your methodology with qualitative methods, e.g., focus groups, depth interviews and projective techniques. Target Respondents The seven points you made at the top of page 6 work better here to help shape your considerations (or rationale) for tackling different types of respondents and the data-gathering approach suitable for each one. Consider adding educators to your sample.   Not all child abuse cases result in physical trauma and not all traumas are reported to pediatricians either.   Do you have something like social welfare workers in KSA?   They might be a good source, too. Study Instruments Under Questionnaire, â€Å"This questionnaire consists of several parts† I think what you really mean is that you plan to create different versions depending on whether you’re interviewing physicians, parents, abused children or adults who can tell you about having been maltreated as children.   I believe you want to tread carefully about promising to interview abused children, this is one of the most challenging â€Å"discovery/disclosure† type of sessions counselors have to undertake. OUTCOMES This is where your statements on pages 6 and 7 belong. Your situation strikes me as one of advocacy, i.e., you want to provide a firmer basis for recognizing the problem, for professionals to take action and for government to provide legislative support.   You might also co-opt Sharia, if Koranic law has anything to say about child abuse. A FINAL NOTE: I’m not sure what â€Å"missing paragraphs† you allude to, that’s why I sent the earlier message.   The way we work, in any case, supplemental writing would be covered by filing a second order of the â€Å"Edit† type.   This is a â€Å"Review† order.   Good luck.   Hope all the above have helped.

Suicide Essay -- essays research papers

Have you ever known someone who’s committed or tried to commit suicide and thought, â€Å"I wish I would’ve done something, said something, to stop it from happening?† I know I would ask myself that question everyday if I hadn’t. A few years ago, a good friend of mine thought her life was so bad she wanted to end it. I did the only thing I could think, and told the nearest teacher. It may sound so childish or stupid, but it worked. Luckily, she’s still alive and well. I’m here to make sure you can make the difference and help a person who might be, or is suicidal. Just think of what would happen if you didn’t try to help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many reasons a person may feel suicidal. Isolated stress, traumatic events/experiences are the main causes. People can usually deal with the causes above fairly well, but when these events accumulate over time, our normal coping strategies can be pushed to the limit. The presence of multiple risk factors does not necessarily imply that a person will become suicidal. The following events could contribute to a person feeling suicidal: Death of a loved one; loss of a valued relationship; loss of employment, physical, emotional, sexual, social abuse. These are a few events that may cause a person to fell like they want to end their life. Suicide is usually a cry for help. The attemptor is looking for someone to help them, because they fell there is nothing they can do to help themselves. A person attempting suicide is often s...

The New Slave Trade Essay -- Essays Papers

The New Slave Trade When I arrived at the brothel, a girl asked me, â€Å"What are you doing here?† I responded, â€Å"I come here to work.† â€Å"Don’t you know this is where people sell their body?† I couldn’t sleep at night; I kept thinking about what she had said. Selling my body? I didn’t know what selling my body means. I thought†¦ it means cutting off parts of my body and sell them; if it was only that†¦ (Sacrifice) Here is another innocent voice out of countless others who have been sexually exploited by faceless offenders night and day. According to the Southeast Asian Women Organization, 30 million women and children have been the victim of sexual trafficking since 1970. The exact statistics are difficult to obtain because by its very nature, commercial sexual exploitation involves underground activities that remove the victims from public view, making them seemingly â€Å"invisible.† Bound behind the doors of brothels or secret rooms, the women and children are hidden away so that they can be exploited at leisure while protecting the perpetrators’ exposure. The gathering of data can only be conducted when the children â€Å"surface† so the data always underestimate the actual scope of the problem. The children â€Å"surfaced† when they run away to local homeless shelters, seek hospital treatments for STDs or other maladies, are caught by immigration service or thrown out of their brothel as ‘useless’, or engage in such activities that cause them to be identified and recorded. Adding to this difficulty is the fact that there is little consensus in national law, across disciplines or in data gathering protocols on what constitutes a child or sexual trafficking. Even the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child a... ... food for me to serve?† - they beat me up if I didn’t sleep with the men - 30 million sexual trafficking victims since 1970 according to Southeast Asia Women Organization - Global Fund for Women provides money for programs - ABC Nepal tires to increase women status - 75% of the population in Nepal is illiterate - Night clubs and brothels grew up like mushroom. 100,000 GI flocking to Bangkok to vent their hedonistic desire is like bringing in mass rape to the country. - Many sex tours and pagkages in Thailand. In some villages, 70% of the girls work as prostitutes - My only day off is when I’m menstruating - Of the 30,000 Burmese women who were trafficked to work as prostitutes in Thailand, 50-70% is tested HIV positive by the end of the year. (Women Project of Asia Watch)

Events in bars and clubs Essay

Another source of competition is how an event may have to source out its resources through sponsorship; this means that the event will be marketed to potential sponsors that will believe that the event will create a significant leverage to the company’s own marketing initiative. Hence, it is also important to stress to the potential sponsors the benefits of the event. This is discussed by Mack in which the author pointed out that (25):â€Å"[†¦ ] sponsorship allows organizations to reach their target market with less clutter than other communications methods, exposes the product/service directly to the market, and provides an excellent mechanism for the organization to give back to the community by which it is supported. Event sponsorship, or sponsorship marketing, refers to supporting various types of event [..] Whether the type of sponsorship is financial, media, or in-kind support (Cicora 1991), the list of company benefits derived from it can range from publicity, to product sales, image enhancement, or even improved employee morale (Decker 1991). In addition to getting sponsors, companies that are about to hold an event should also take into consideration its capabilities (Silvers). These include the ability to handle the demands of the event and the ability to have the resources. It is also important to have the ability to know how to handle different events; for instance, a bar that may be holding a fundraising concert may be faced with different challenges if organising a battle-of-the-bands. As Silvers pointed, although the core processes of these two events are the same, it should be noted that one of the important elements in events management is the ability to handle the differences in the requirements of different events. All in all, the events management concept can be considered as an important marketing activity in which an establishment or company is able to communicate certain initiatives to the public (Soares). Hence, events serve as an attractor especially if the company utilises popular channels such as concerts, dance events and exhibits,among others; these venues fulfil the curiosity, the wants and needs of the people which is why events continue to be patronised throughout time. Many enterprises venture into the nightlife sector by means of establishing bars and clubs. As Chatterton and Hollands discussed, the demand for these establishments is that these have been a part of the urban landscape; there is always the market among the youth, specifically the young professionals, who are â€Å"in search for the latest cool, chic, fashionable bar or club† (3). Because of this, it can be said that there is business in this industry, especially with the continuous influence of the entertainment and leisure sector. The nightlife scene which comprises of establishments such as bars and clubs can be also said to contribute to the local tourism initiatives (Chatteron & Holland). The success of any bar or club requires a significant understanding of the business especially in the aspect of strategy. Lawson provides many guidelines in the success of any club or bar including a good understanding on food service operations (which is a fundamental in any bar or club), the facilities, the design, the themes, and last but not the least, the business aspects. Lawson therefore emphasised the business framework of these bars and clubs which are heavy in the marketing practice; this is because this is a means for companies to get customers into the establishment. Bars and clubs, therefore, do not just have to excel in the food service operations but also in its ability to add value to its basic concept, and that is, to add event concepts to its entire operations. This is further attested by Smith in which the author mentioned that in order for bars and clubs to succeed, it needs to continuously come up with something interesting; hence, in addition to food and drinks and the regular dance floor or in-house performer, it is the specific events that make these bars and clubs special. This is therefore a part not only in the marketing aspect of the bar and club but also these events help the customers to identify what else they can do in the establishment, or at least, have something to look forward to (Smith, 75). Brown and Miron also mentioned the role of events in the success of any bar or nughtclub; these fall in the aspect of marketing and advertising. When an event takes place, the tendency is that the event is supposed to pull more people into the establishment. Hence, events help in the increase in sales and to make the club and bar more memorable to the consumers.

The Legacy Of The Medici Family Essays

The Legacy Of The Medici Family Essays The Legacy Of The Medici Family Paper The Legacy Of The Medici Family Paper bbc. co. uk/dna/h2g2/A622919 (accessed November 26, 2007). Medici: Godfather of the Renaissance. pbs. org/empires/medici/renaissance/index. html (accessed November 26, 2007). Nygaard Ken. â€Å"Giovanni di Bicci Averardo de Medici. † historyworld. net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories. asp? historyid=aa24 (accessed November 25, 2007). The Medici Queens. saburchill. com/history/biblio/020. html (accessed November 26, 2007).

Learn How To Write A Perfect Thematic Essay

Learn How To Write A Perfect Thematic Essay How to Write the Best Thematic Essay Sometimes, students are scared when being assigned a thematic essay. But don’t worry; we are sure you’ve written tons of thematic essays already, they just were called differently, for example, analytical or research essay. However, a thematic essay is not the same as those ones, but sometimes professors do not give exact writing instructions. A thematic essay is an essay discussing a phenomenon, concept, or theme. Here you should use all the skills you mastered when writing previous essays. The skills you will need to write your thematic essay include writing in a well-organized manner, presenting evidence, and supporting your thesis. Thematic Essay Definition Sometimes, professors call any assignment on literature a thematic essay. And, very often teachers assign any essays revolving a certain subject or theme in any branch of life as thematic essays. Some professors think that a thematic essay can be written only about literary devices, i.e. you will have to create a thesis around metaphor, symbolism, or hyperbole, for example. Your task will be to take a motif in the literature and create a thesis around that motif. The motif can be different, for example, success, self-knowledge, lost love, etc. As you can see, the approaches of teachers to thematic essays are very different. One of such common topics is How does William Shakespeare use young love bloom to spread the tragedy seeds in Romeo and Juliet? And here is the example of a thesis on that topic: Mental superiority and infallibility of youth are consistently demonstrated by Shakespeare as means of creating the fundament for the later tragedy. You can select a motif or literary device typical for the text and craft an original thesis. Eventually, your task is to prove the thesis with the help of evidence from the text in a coordinated way. Nowadays, teachers assign more thematic essays not related to literature, they simply link thematic essays with various challenged in social human existence.   It means that you will have to do some deeper research. However, you should realize that the reader might not see the thematic essay issue in the same way as you do. That’s why make sure to provide very tight evidence. A thematic essay might require you to write about some very sensitive social problems, so make sure to use light and elegant words not to make your reader disagree with you. Be focused on your central argument at all times. Let’s Write a Thematic Essay Step By Step Choose the best topic to cover your thematic essay. It can be abusage in the workplace if you write about the exploitation of servants in Victorian England, for example. Select a quote, fact, joke, or statistic related to your best topic and create a hook. Link that topic to the narrower one and discuss it in two-three sentences. Provide the thesis. Write three separate topic sentences for each paragraph provided. For example: 1) The exploitation of servants was a means of participating in darker impulses for the wealthy. 2) The exploitation of servants was caused by poor patterns of communication and politeness of the elite society. 3) The exploitation of servants used the most vulnerable society members, and, thus, was opportunistic. Support each topic sentence by providing evidence from history and top sources. State your thesis again in a different manner. Use new vocabulary to recap the main points in a conclusive paragraph. Now the perspective has to be linked to a bigger social issue. Outline Some students don’t pay much attention to writing an outline while they consider it to be a waste of time. However, writing an outline will make everything clearer and will guide you through your essay. Outline Sample Introduction Interesting fact, joke, statistic, or quote which will be a hook. Up to three sentences relating specific theme. Statement of thesis: Second paragraph First topic sentence supporting the thesis. Evidence supporting that claim and explanation of its relevancy or efficiency. Third paragraph Second topic sentence supporting the thesis. Evidence supporting that claim and explanation of its relevancy or efficiency. Fourth paragraph Third topic sentence supporting the thesis. Evidence supporting that claim and explanation of its relevancy or efficiency. Conclusion Reiterate your thesis. Recall three primary points. Link a perspective to a greater picture of life, history, society, etc. issue. Introduction In order to write an introduction, you should complete several tasks at a time, so it might be a bit confusing. From the very first line, it’s necessary to capture the attention of the reader, present him a wider topic and take them to a more specific one. When your experience in writing essays is not that big, it might be tough. However, if you have troubles with writing an introduction, you can go to your thesis and get back to it later. You will find it much easier to write an introduction after you have finished your essay already. Body Paragraphs The body of your thematic essay requires you to think well and write the strongest topic sentences. In your body paragraphs, you should show you’re able to research, collect and organize evidence and make an analysis. Remember that each topic sentence is to be supported by evidence. Initially, topic paragraphs can be written in a certain order, but later, you can restructure them if it is needed. Yes, it happens that the third paragraph should be first eventually, or the first paragraph should become second. Once the essay is written, take your time and check the body paragraphs order again, while the flow of your ideas has to be nice and understandable. Conclusion Before writing a conclusion, take a break and refresh your mind. The reader should have a clear closure after all. In conclusion, it is necessary to remind your reader about the most important points of the essay and help him understand the general sense of its ending. Topics for Your Thematic Essay History How the Civil displayed progress versus tradition? How the seeds of the Great Depression were sowed by the Roaring Twenties? How the notion of brotherhood was undermined in the Civil War? Discuss how human beings created a royal class in modern times and antiquity. What is the role of religion in civilized nations? Human Rights Can we deny the Holocaust? What are the LGBT rights trends in America for the last decade? Discuss the civil rights movements. Nationalism The Neo-Nazi and the KKK movements. American Revolution and nationalism. Is there any connection between nuclear weaponry and nationalism? We Can Help A thematic essay is assigned to you to check if you can create an original essay using the concepts or trends around the events in history or a piece of literature.   It is a real challenge to brainstorm a thesis unconventionally. Sometimes it seems impossible to find the most proper evidence for your thesis. We get lots of request from students like you, who get stuck with their thematic essay, and we are here to help. Our top writers have created tons of thematic essays and they are always inspired to create a masterpiece for you. Our experts know exactly what teachers want from you and how they evaluate your works, so they will be able to write a perfect thematic essay for you! Conclusion Don’t be scared when you are assigned a thematic essay, while it is the same essay you have already mastered before. All you need to do it to create a more specific thesis around more precise trend or concept. Once you do that, write an essay using the same structure as for all the previous ones. Your main problem might be connected not with writing itself but with finding unique ideas to support your writing. It’s necessary to set your imagination free and think in some new directions for your essay to be unique and successful. And if you need professional help and support, you know where to find us!

14 April Fools Day Pranks for College

14 April Fools Day Pranks for College Not all of us have the time or the patience to completely tinfoil someone’s dorm room, or sticky note their care. We don’t all have flash mobs of friends to do something nuts for April Fool’s Day. In this post we’ve got 14 gags that just about anyone should be able to pull off and there’s no real budget to speak of. Especially not if two or three people are in on them. Check it out! 1. Get like 80 Poppers And†¦ Here’s what you do: tape them to their dorm room door from this inside (no scaling any sky scrapers for this). With 100 of these things the sound will be pretty big; the mess will be lovely; you’ll scare the #$@ out of them! 2. The Best April Fool’s for Computer Nerds..EVER! After browsing the ten billion ideas Google has to offer, this is definitely one of the coolest. You’re basically going to put your head in a jar and then put it in their fridge. Or, you could go with their best friend’s, or significant other’s head. All you need is a computer. 3. Does Their Major Require Typing? Hey, if someone you want to play a prank on does a bunch of typing this is a really good one: rearrange the letters of their keyboard. It’s harmless, easy to do without breaking the keyboard and yeah. Even if they are the fastest and loudest typer in school, it will boggle their mind. You could order the letters to say something perhaps? 4. This is Hardcore This can get ugly fast so you need some finesse. If you’ve got a girlfriend/boyfriend, have a stranger they don’t know hand them a hand written â€Å"I’m breaking up with you and dropping out† letter. It helps if the gangs in on it, but again, while this will definitely get a reaction it might backfire†¦ 5. Nail Polish + Soap This is an oldy but goody. You just coat their soap with clear nail polish and in the morning when they try to shower it won’t lather and they’ll be like, â€Å"Whu?† 6. Fill the Halls with Fruit Not on the ground silly, but hanging from clear cords or strings. At least everyone will get their fruits in for the day. You could go with bananas, apples, pears, strawberries, grapes, or even go big with grapefruits. 7. Mouse + Jello These days a regular computer mouse doesn’t cost but a few bucks. So, go ahead and put their mouse in the middle of a jello mold of your choosing. It should be said that jello is both cheap and amazing. You can get pretty crafty with jello and just about everyone loves the stuff. 8. Go Pop Star Just pick a pop star they would love to have plastered all over their stuff and go to town. Bieber is always a favorite. But, let your imagination run wild. 9. Pregnancy This only works on guys that have no clue it’s April Fool’s Day. You know, those guys who only know basically New Years, Spring Break and Christmas. If they have a girlfriend, oh yeah this will get them good. If they don’t and you know someone they’ve been frisky with in the past that’s willing to play along†¦even better. 10. Flash Mob Anyone? Okay fine, no prank or gag list is complete without the theater company involved. 11. The Out of Reach Alarm Clock Simply put: legendary. Grab their alarm clock while they’re sleeping, set it to go off an hour earlier in a hidden place that will drive them nuts. If it can be taped to the ceiling out of reach – perfect! 12. The Ultimate Stink Bomb? Everybody loved a stink bomb. So why not bomb an entire dorm? Why not bomb an entire building? I mean you can get boxes of these things in multiples colors, head into the stairwell and go floor by floor (two people on both sides for ideal coverage). So awesome! And, if you’re major is covert operations you should be able to stealth-mode this and no one will even know you just pulled a prank that will make the college paper! 13. Dixie Cups for Miles This is especially cool for anyone that’s a fan of beer pong. You can get hundreds of these things for cheap (make sure to recycle them afterwards), fill them only a little bit with water or whatever works, and then chill. You could fill an entire dorm room hallway. You could fill their dorm room. It’s funny. 14. A Bed Full of Cornflakes! Cornflakes. Cheap, loud, crunchy, delicious with milk and processed sugar. Why not a bed, car, dorm room, or closet full of them? Okay all you aspiring students out there, how do you do it? Share your tips for pranks in comments!

Exam Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exam Case Study - Assignment Example Later to follow are the recommendations to overcome the stated problems and improve company’s performance. Problems faced Primary problems faced by Sunshine Shirts come under the category of delivery delays and bottlenecks in quality. Delays are attributed to factors like large number of inspections, inventory and warehousing issues and lengthy production cycle of shirts. Also, type and volume of orders in the three categories also contribute to delays in deliveries. For quality concerns, even large number of inspections is not proving beneficial since printing is not getting appreciated by the customers. Faulty shirts are also getting in the orders which are resulting in increased number of complaints and reduced customer loyalty. Delays in deliveries and quality pitfalls cumulate to rising costs but no increased profit margins. Thus, an indirect offshoot of the above mentioned problems is an urgent need for cost-cutting campaign which can not be realized unless careful and m eticulous strategic planning is undertaken. Following next are specific instances which have led to the above mentioned problems of faulty planning, delays and quality concerns. Sources of problems Superficially, problems seem to be very generic, trivial and operations based. However, upon careful observation and deep analysis, the sources of these problems vary from strategic planning to inventory management, quality management and even setting up of performance measures. Detailed breakdown of sources of problems is given below: Strategic planning Strategic planning is a wide concept covering numerous operations within a specific business. From human resources to operations, production to management and even after sales, strategic planning entails setting up of standards, crafting plans according to those standards and measuring actual outputs to find out deviations. At Sunshine Shirts, planning has not taken a serious form. Various loopholes exist in different functions and domain s. Opening sentences where it is mentioned that the company budgeted for but still reported losses is a clear example of poor planning. Next for example, the problem of delivery delays can primarily be attributed to planning glitch. Before actual inventory management, it is the work of planning to ascertain the flow of raw materials, work-in-progress and finished goods. Faulty planning has led to faulty warehousing and chaos at factory space. Secondly, customer complaints have increased at Sunshine Shirts due to printing issues as ink on shirts peels off. This might be due to wrong supplier selection of printing inks which is again a function of strategic planning in a company. Further, regarding costs, company officials and heads of various departments are suggesting different solutions- reducing number of inspections, outsourcing, and charging premium price for better quality and even enter women shirts market. However, consensus cannot be achieved in finalizing a solution. This i s because the company does not know whether its competitive advantage lies in low cost or better quality. As such, direction of its strategic planning is not focused on one of these dimensions, leading to disadvantages and losses in both. To cut costs, managers are recommending outsourcing some of the activities to nations where production costs are lower. However, they do not see that expenses incurred on its three types of customer segments outweigh the returns yielded by these. Thus, even customer profitability analysis is not

Reform American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reform American History - Essay Example White mainstream population promoted racial discrimination through the deliberate use of power politics. The African slaves brought from Africa by the European colonizer to work on fields in America later became an intrinsic part of American society. They were victimized because they were poor, non-white and believed to be racially inferior to the whites. The American War of Independence in 1789 was a landmark event that brought into being the United States of America, world’s greatest democratic state. The first President of America, Abraham Lincoln who issued ‘Emancipation Proclamation’ for slaves that served as a catalyst for ending the tradition of slavery. Abolition movement was significant for myriad reasons. One of the most important factors was to end the enslavement of African people and to stop the exploitation of local people and local resources by the colonial rulers in America. The American Revolution became the major propellant that gave huge thrust to the abolition movement. While the institution of slavery per se ceased with the emancipation proclamation in 1863, but it was the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that brought in a new era of hope, opportunities, and empowerment for the blacks in America. It ensured equal rights and equal opportunities for all across race and gender. Harris, Chapman, and McKenzie (2005) strongly assert that today blacks have significant influence in the legislative outcome. Indeed, President Obama is a scintillating example of equality across race and color.

Marketing strategies of automobile companies Research Paper

Marketing strategies of automobile companies - Research Paper Example In this context, it can also be stated that when applying its penetration strategy, the company plans to launch its products at higher prices to the prevalent high income group customers, in order to attract them in the US luxury car markets (Basuki, 2008). Moreover, the organization is also focusing on product line development through design differentiation and fuel efficiency strategies, which would be beneficial for the organization in obtaining better sales revenue and environmental competence, thus obtaining both profit and sustainable growth (Clothier, 2013). Similarly, BMW is also planning for developing and expanding its product line as well as technology efficiency strategies by launching various luxurious models in the US market by the year end 2013. Furthermore, it is also planning for continuous expansion in its future marketing performances. This would also facilitate the organization to gain greater profits by delivering quality assurance to the customers in terms of fu el efficiency and environmental accountability. Another globally reputed automotive brand, Audi is also reported to be focusing on technology efficiency strategies in its marketing plans. As revealed in the article, the company plans to implement this particular strategy by introducing various models such as A6 and A7 Sedans along with Q5 SUV by 2014. The implementation of these marketing strategies would facilitate customers in purchasing quality cars according to their demands owing to the wide variety of the company’s product line, which, in turn, shall ultimately lead towards its better profits and sustainability for the organizations (Clothier, 2013). In reference to marketing strategies identified in Clothier (2013), it can be observed that most of the... Similarly, BMW is also planning for developing and expanding its product line as well as technology efficiency strategies by launching various luxurious models in the US market by the year end 2013. Furthermore, it is also planning for continuous expansion in its future marketing performances. This would also facilitate the organization to gain greater profits by delivering quality assurance to the customers in terms of fuel efficiency and environmental accountability. Another globally reputed automotive brand, Audi is also reported to be focusing on technology efficiency strategies in its marketing plans. As revealed in the article, the company plans to implement this particular strategy by introducing various models such as A6 and A7 Sedans along with Q5 SUV by 2014. The implementation of these marketing strategies would facilitate customers in purchasing quality cars according to their demands owing to the wide variety of the company’s product line, which, in turn, shall ul timately lead towards its better profits and sustainability for the organizations (Clothier, 2013).In reference to marketing strategies identified in Clothier (2013), it can be observed that most of the automobile companies are emphasizing on innovative marketing through technology advancements, brand positioning through customer oriented planning as well as competitive promotion of the planned launches (Lokhande & Rana, 2012). For instance, most of the leading car companies such as Mercedes, BMW and Audi are focusing on innovative product.

Starbucks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Starbucks - Research Paper Example SQC is divided into descriptive statistics, Statistical Process Control (SPC), and acceptance sampling (Reid & Sanders 2011). In the case of Starbucks the most appropriate statistical method is SPC which is used to determine whether an operation or a process is running as it should or not. The quality characteristics of the service will be monitored by SPC so as to determine any discrepancies in the processes that will impact the quality of the service. Also, it will measure the present quality of the service. The process involves the setting up of an upper and lower control limits and the inspection of a random sample. The sample is then measured for the specific characteristics. A process is said to be â€Å"out of control† if its average value of the characteristic is greater than the upper limit or smaller than the lower limit. The identification of variations by SPC allows the determination of causes due to which the processes is not functioning as required. These variati ons are not built-in but are caused due to various circumstances. Some variations might include turnaround time, cycle time, takt time, the taste and aroma of coffee, declination in sales of a particular product and so on. ... Keeping the changing demands of the environment, the available technology, and the skills and abilities of the workers in consideration, jobs should be designed such that it enhances employee motivation (Robbins & Coulter 2012). Starbucks’ operation involves diverse job characteristics. Its employees play a significant role in the completion of tasks and are therefore the most important resource for the organization. The process of a Starbucks coffee starts from the farmers who grow the beans. Next, the bean selection is done carefully to keep consistency in taste and quality. Then these beans are transferred to roasters where these beans are roasted to enhance its flavor. Finally the coffee arrives at the counter where the barista serves coffee to its customers. The tasks at each stage involve a wide skill variety and task identity. Its retail jobs include a regional manager, after which comes district manager, then a store manager, assistant store manager, shift supervisors, and baristas. Employees are able to gain knowledge as a result of feedback provided about their performance which provides a way to evaluate their performance. One feature of a Starbucks barista is that they are trained to prepare the different beverages that are sold. This allows Starbucks to get an economical advantage as it allows it to sell the coffees at a lower price. However, the choice of drinks may be limited. The 24 hour service provided by Starbucks outlets also provide them with an advantage as customers might want to drink coffee at anytime. Its work design has enabled it to manage numerous stores at various locations thereby allowing market dominance in the sector. However, competitors are emerging which is why Starbucks needs

Views on Education by Washington and Du Bois Essay

Views on Education by Washington and Du Bois - Essay Example However, many had argued on what type of education the newly freed African American people will need in the course of their lifetime. This question has given rise to the argument on the advantages and disadvantages of industrial education. With this on hand, the Industrial Education for the Negro by Booker T. Washington and On the Training of Black Men and A Negro Schoolmaster by W. E. B. Du Bois will be used to cite the advantages and disadvantages of industrial and liberal education. Booker T. Washington was one of the African Americans who were the slaves in the South. For this reason, he wrote the essay Industrial Education for the Negro. In the time that they were given their freedom, he immediately and strongly supported the industrial education for African Americans especially in the South. He believed that for an African American to live a strong and fruitful life in American soil, he or she must learn to work and earn for a living. In this manner, he had considered all types of employment as an honorable job, even doing the laundry and doing the dishes. In the process of industrial education, an African American student will be able to place his or her self in the American society and will be able to work and not be worked in the process. The learning in this type of education is necessary in order to be sufficient and skilled in the chosen industrial field. The ability to learn how to handle tools and incorporate these learning with mathematics and scienc es will allow the work to be more sophisticated, efficient, and easy. In amalgamating industrial education with mathematics, languages, letters, and sciences, a student, who will also be a future employee, will be harnessed and strengthened and will eventually be equipped for real life. It will open a door for the African American to the world of business and commerce. Washington also cited that he considered that the African Americans are capable of learning higher education and are free to achieve such education. However, he also wants to see his fellow African Americans to be able to use their â€Å"mental strengths† (Washington 357) in accomplishing daily practical activities and work. He also added that incorporating industrial education to the learning of African American students will allow them to pay for their own schooling and earn from their activities. Furthermore, he strongly believed that industrial education will not only equip African Americans in the light of industrial employments, but will also inculcate in their lives the habit to save and love their work, business, and economy they are a part of. Along with these values will also grow the individual’s moral values and religious foundation, which Washington considers supplemental values in order to appreciate and enjoy life, art, and literature. In the light of liberal education, W. E. B. Du Bois cited in his essays, On the Training of Black Men and a Negro Schoolmaster, that industrial education is essential, but it must not be the only type of education African Americans must be given. He believed that African Americans, considered as free men, must be given the chance to mold themselves into leaders that will soon rise and lead the nation. As a graduate of BA in Fisk University and PhD at Harvard University, he strongly believed that the African American youth must be given equal learning with the White in terms of arts, politics, philosophy, and other branches of knowledge . In this way, they will be raised as strong, committed, and well-educated leaders. He believed that education is not only a medium in order to teach a person to work and earn for a living, but it is the key to mold laborers to men and women in society. Working for a living

Starbucks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Starbucks - Research Paper Example SQC is divided into descriptive statistics, Statistical Process Control (SPC), and acceptance sampling (Reid & Sanders 2011). In the case of Starbucks the most appropriate statistical method is SPC which is used to determine whether an operation or a process is running as it should or not. The quality characteristics of the service will be monitored by SPC so as to determine any discrepancies in the processes that will impact the quality of the service. Also, it will measure the present quality of the service. The process involves the setting up of an upper and lower control limits and the inspection of a random sample. The sample is then measured for the specific characteristics. A process is said to be â€Å"out of control† if its average value of the characteristic is greater than the upper limit or smaller than the lower limit. The identification of variations by SPC allows the determination of causes due to which the processes is not functioning as required. These variati ons are not built-in but are caused due to various circumstances. Some variations might include turnaround time, cycle time, takt time, the taste and aroma of coffee, declination in sales of a particular product and so on. ... Keeping the changing demands of the environment, the available technology, and the skills and abilities of the workers in consideration, jobs should be designed such that it enhances employee motivation (Robbins & Coulter 2012). Starbucks’ operation involves diverse job characteristics. Its employees play a significant role in the completion of tasks and are therefore the most important resource for the organization. The process of a Starbucks coffee starts from the farmers who grow the beans. Next, the bean selection is done carefully to keep consistency in taste and quality. Then these beans are transferred to roasters where these beans are roasted to enhance its flavor. Finally the coffee arrives at the counter where the barista serves coffee to its customers. The tasks at each stage involve a wide skill variety and task identity. Its retail jobs include a regional manager, after which comes district manager, then a store manager, assistant store manager, shift supervisors, and baristas. Employees are able to gain knowledge as a result of feedback provided about their performance which provides a way to evaluate their performance. One feature of a Starbucks barista is that they are trained to prepare the different beverages that are sold. This allows Starbucks to get an economical advantage as it allows it to sell the coffees at a lower price. However, the choice of drinks may be limited. The 24 hour service provided by Starbucks outlets also provide them with an advantage as customers might want to drink coffee at anytime. Its work design has enabled it to manage numerous stores at various locations thereby allowing market dominance in the sector. However, competitors are emerging which is why Starbucks needs

Give it any topic based off 5 topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Give it any topic based off 5 topics - Essay Example ase in the pollution of the air and this in turn has produced many unwanted results which have affected not only the environment but also human health (Park 2007, Jeremy et al 2010). According to the statistics of the World Health Organization in the year 2008, every year 2 million deaths can be attributed to air pollution. Not only this, air pollution has been linked to many health problems of the human beings and it has resulted in alterations in the atmosphere and led to environmental problems like global warming. This has called for the implementation of strategies to overcome the issue of air pollution so that the unwanted affects of this form of pollution can be overcome. It can also be analyzed that the reduction in the air pollution will result in the reduction of the health hazards that it poses. This paper will serve to explain the different causes of air pollution along with the different impacts that it lays on the environment and the human beings. It will further elabora te the methods that can be employed to overcome this issue. Air forms the environment of the earth with which all living beings are in direct contact. It is essential for the survival of all living beings and the existence of life on this planet is not possible without air. The transmission of sound is only possible through air and it is also a source of the major gases which are essential for the survival of living beings. It is a mixture of different gases which include mainly nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide and the percentage of these gases in the air is 78.1, 20.93 and 0.03 respectively. It has many essential functions which can be explained by the fact that survival processes which include respiration and combustion cannot occur in the absence of air. The close contact between the air and the human beings can be used as the basis to explain the fact that contamination of this air can have affects on the health of the living beings. The pollution of air can be defined as the

Banduras social learning theory Essay Example for Free

Banduras social learning theory Essay Our study is based on the theory of operant conditioning and Banduras social learning theory. Operant conditioning states that learning happens through association, and we believe that car advertises are trying to make their target population associate buying their car with a desired characteristic/traits/lifestyles e.g. having a lot of female attention. Skinner described the ABC model of operant conditioning, which includes an antecedent, behaviour and a consequence. Bandura for his theory stated that learning can only occur if the four criteria (attention, retention, reproduction and motivation) were met. From looking at YouTube adverts we found that smaller cars had a tendency to have more feminine themes whereas larger cars tended to have more masculine themes.  Aim  To whether there is a difference between gender and the size of cars they drive.  Alternative Hypothesis:  Males will have a higher tendency to drive large cars while females will have a higher tendency to drive smaller cars  Null Hypothesis:  There will be no difference in gender and the size of the car they drive, and any difference will be due to chance. METHOD:  Design:  This is an independent group design and a quasi experiment as each participant can only be in either the male or the female category. We will gather our data by tallying, as our study will only include nominal data. This is useful as tallying is easy to analyse and draw up conclusions from. We are only looking at the gender of the driver and the type/size of their cars, so our data is quantitative. This is a non-participant naturalistic overt observation. Seeing as our results are nominal, this is an independent group design and the hypothesis predicts a difference. We will try our best to operationalise our variables by tallying the cars for the same period of time and by collecting data in different locations throughout Maidstone. Our IV will be the gender and how dependent variable (DV) will be the size of the cars. To make it easier to see the driver or the car, we will be collecting our data by a set of traffic lights, and tallying in the correct sections.  Participants  All of our participants will be over 17, as this is the legal minimum driving age. We will be using opportunity sampling as only those driving at the time of the study will take part in the study. Apparatus  Pen, paper and clipboard   Procedure  1. A table was draw up to collect results in (a copy can be found in appendix)  2. Researchers decided time and place of when they will be getting results  3. Researches went to location, stood by the nearest traffic light and collect results  4. Next lesson, the results were pooled  5. Adjustments were made  6. Carried out inertial test using chi-squared test  Control:  Pilot study was not to include family and sports cars as they are marketed differently and tend to be gender neutral. We increased our ecological validity by carrying out the experiment in different places in Maidstone. Ethics We followed most of the ethical guidelines by: ensuring that no participants were harmed physically or psychology and that the results were anonymous. Participants were not given fully-informed consent and were not debriefed as this would be too time consuming, but if a participant was to ask about our study they would have been told the true aim of the study and having their results omitted if they want to.We will accept our null hypothesis and reject our alternative hypothesis because our observed value (1.34) of chi-squared is lower than the critical value(3.841) and this means our results arent significant. Therefore the probability of our results being due to chance equal p0.5. Evaluation Our results are not generalisable because our participants are only form Maidstone and surroundings areas. People from different areas may have different cars and adverts in different cars might be marketed differently where males may not necessarily drive large cars and females drive small cars. To improve the study, we could look at adverts from other countries and if they are different, we could see whether they have an effect on the drivers.  By using opportunity sampling, our results were not representative because there might be different people that only drive specifically during a certain time of day. Our results are not reliable as they have inter rater reliability and also it is likely that participants may not have been driving their own car they might have been driving a family members car or a company car either way they might have not necessarily been driving their own car. This means our results would be unreliable because we are trying to find out if advertising influences a persons choice in cars we would have to ask the participants if they are driving their own cars and discard the results of those who arent. However, this is would be too time consuming and the only way of doing this efficiently is to do it in a car park but this would mean our sample size would be small.  We can also tell that our results arent replicable as other members of our class had different results and did accept their alternative hypothesis (we all carried out the same tasks with the same aim but under different conditions) and they are not similar to the key study (Bandura) as his study would suggest that advertising would have an effect on peoples choice on the size of the car. Also, there are other factors that may influence the choice on car, for example the cost of the car. Our results were made insignificant because there were more males driving small cars than large cars but overall there were more small cars than large cars observed in the experiment and this could be due to smaller cars being cheaper rather than the way they are being observed.  We could carry out the experiment at different types to have more control over extraneous variables in order to try and improve our study. Seeing as our results show that there is no difference between gender and the size of the car, it seems that our study would have applications to real life as it shows that advertisers are wasting their money marketing their cars specifically to male/females.  The study was valid in that it was a naturalistic observation of real driving behaviour that was not affected by the observer. The drivers of the cars were either male or female. Also, our study has face validity as there are different opinions on types and the sizes of cars, even though there was a general outline, most of us did get confused about some cars and to those that we could not categorise were not included in the study.  Our study would be ethical regardless of the fact that informed consent was not given as if participants were to ask us about the study; they would be informed about the true aim.

Ocean Acidification and Climate Change

Ocean Acidification and Climate Change Most of us have heard about global warming and what it is doing to our world, including our oceans. Global warming is simply a climate change. A slow and steady increase in the temperature of the earths atmosphere, environment, and its oceans is believed to be permanently changing the earths climate. Climate change involves rapidly changing temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns on huge scale. In addition, these changes cause an increase in concentrations of gases which trap heat in the atmosphere, often called greenhouse gases. The most commonly released gas is carbon dioxide. The increase volumes of carbon dioxide and some other gases released by the burning of fuels, clearing lands, agriculture, and other human actions are believed to be the most important sources of global warming. This has occurred over the past fifty years. Ocean acidification has destructive and harmful results to our earths underwater environment. The absorption of carbon dioxide by the earths oceans is increasing the acid levels, producing harmful and long-term destruction to our oceans coral reefs, which causes them to dissolve by reducing their calcification. Changes in the earths ocean environment is not often seen or felt, so it is essential to discuss the importance of this process on the coral reefs and the dangerous effects of global warming. Coral reefs are the most biodiverse ecosystems of the oceans. Coral reefs are estimated to shelter around one-third of all marine species; about 500 million people rely on coral reefs for food, income, and medicine. Coral reefs also act as barriers during inclement weather. Human activity is causing the earth to get warmer and warmer, especially by the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, the clear cutting of forests. When we dig out and burn fossil fuels, like coal and petroleum, we cause the release of carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere. Clearing of the forests also allows for large amounts of carbon dioxide to be released all over the entire world. The future of coral reefs is threatened by humans and natural disturbances. Typical ocean pH levels vary due to the effect of the environment. When the pH of water falls below 5.0 or rises above 9.6, harmful actions become obvious. pH levels below 7.6 will cause coral reefs to dissolve as a result of the lack of calcium carbonate. Efforts to alleviate global warming and ocean acidification by reducing emissions have been unsuccessful. Scientists have become more interested in climate engineering to prevent the dangerous outcomes of climate change. Artificial ocean alkalization is studied as a way to decrease local ocean acidification and to protect coral reefs ecosystems. Several readings focused on the possibility of changing ocean pH by increasing water alkalinity. In these studies, alkalizing agents, such as calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide, were used to increase the oceans alkalinity and the potential of protecting coral reefs against ocean acidification. This approach is logical but doubtful because of the constant changes (variation) of carbon dioxide concentration from season to season, day to night, and the species variety and ability to adapt. Also, increasing the oceans surface pH stimulates an additional absorption of carbon dioxide. In another study, a team of international scientists, including a Texas AM University researcher, examined the Tree Reef, bordering the Australian coast. The team added sodium hydroxide to the water to reverse acidity and increase alkalinity of the water. With the increase of water pH, the reef grew quickly as a result of the experiment. Scientists concluded that it is possible to increase the growth of coral reefs if ocean acidification is reversed. In addition, according to a new study published in the journal Environmental Science Technology, blowing tiny bubbles though seawater could remove carbon dioxide from the water and help offset (counteract) water acidification. However, installing bubbles anywhere where coral reefs are present is expensive. The idea of increasing the alkalinity of ocean water to protect and preserve coral reefs is like turning back the clock hundreds of years. Back then, the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere was lower, and the oceans were much healthier. The best solution would be to stop emitting carbon dioxide and prevent ocean acidification.

Puck and Bottom in A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay -- Midsummer Night

Puck and Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream      Ã‚  Ã‚   When James Joyce was a teenager, a friend asked him if he had ever been in love. He answered, "How would I write the most perfect love songs of our time if I were in love - A poet must always write about a past or a future emotion, never about a present one - A poet's job is to write tragedies, not to be an actor in one" (Ellman 62). I mention this because - after replacing the word "comedy" for "tragedy" and allowing a little latitude on the meaning of the word "actor" - Joyce is subconsciously giving A Midsummer Night's Dream's argument about the role of the artist. That is to say, an artist must be removed from the action, or, at least, not prone to normal temptations. This emotional distance gives the artist the type of perspective that Theseus likens to a madman's. It also, however, gives the artist a vantage point from which he can give the other characters' experiences meaning. Therefore, I will argue that, in A Midsummer Night's Dream, Shakespeare se es the artist as someone who is removed from the play's main action, but gives meaning to the play's experience (for both the audience and the other characters). I will show this by examining the roles of the two counterpart artists: Bottom (who supercedes Peter Quince as Every Mother's Son's artist), and Puck (whose art is changing people's hearts and minds). My first four paragraphs show how Shakespeare uses Puck and Bottom allegorically to represent two different components of the artistic mind. Secondly, I show how Shakespeare leaves them emotionally distant from the main action of the play. Lastly, I will show how they end up interpreting the play, thereby, giving it meaning.    It is im... ...speare's Festive Comedy: A Study of Dramatic Form and Its Relation to Social Custom. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972. Bonazza, Blaze O. Shakespeare's Early Comedies: A Structural Analysis*. The Hague: Mouton, 1966. Briggs, Katharine M. The Anatomy of Puck. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1959. Frye, Northrop. "Characterization in Shakespeare's Comedy," Shakespeare Quarterly: Vol.IV (1953), pp.271-277. Nevo, Ruth. Comic Transformations in Shakespeare. New York: Routledge, Chapman & Hall, 1981. Palmer, John. Comic Characters of Shakespeare. London: Macmillan, 1946. Rhoades, Duane. Shakespeare's Defense of Poetry: "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and "The Tempest". Westport, CT: Greenwood Press,1986. Young, David. Something of Great Constancy: The Art of "A Midsummer Night's Dream". New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966.

Trapped by Two Cultures in Beets, Made You Mine, America, and Sangre 24 :: Cultural Identity Essays

Something that has always fascinated me is the confrontation with a completely different culture. We do not have to travel far to realize that people really lead different lives in other countries and that the saying "Home sweet home" often applies to most of us. What if we suddenly had to leave our homes and settle somewhere else, somewhere where other values and beliefs where common and where people spoke a different language? Would we still try to hang on to the 'old home' by speaking our mother tongue, practising our own religion and culture or would we give in to the new and exciting country and forget our past? And what would it be like for our children, and their children? In Identity Lessons - Contemporary Writing About Learning to Be American I found many different stories telling us what it is like to be "trapped" between two cultures. In this short essay I aim to show that belonging to two cultures can be very confusing. In 'Beets' by Tiffany Midge we meet a family of four, where the mother is an Indian and the father is white. The eldest daughter learns about the Plains Indians and their culture in school, but the "truth" she is told there is different from the one her father wants to prove. Such mixed messages are also what the speaker of Abraham Rodriguez Jr's 'The Boy Without a Flag' receives. He refuses to salute the American flag, because his father keeps on talking about all the bad things America has done to their home Puerto Rico, and thus believes that he has done what is expected of him, but the father gets angry with him for jeopardizing his education and future. The boy feels as if the father has collaborated with the enemy and does not understand how this could have happened. It took him until he had grown up to understand that the father only wanted what was best for him. Â   In 'Made You Mine, America' Ali Zarrin describes his coming to the USA as a teenager to study and find himself a better future. It was a struggle for him to cope with the differences from his native country in the Middle East: America was to be the country of dreams and possibilities, but he had to realize it had the poor and homeless people as well.

Occupational Health Psychology Health And Social Care Essay

What is Occupational Health Psychology and what can it offer administrations and employees? Occupational Health Psychology harmonizing to M. Colman ( 2009 ) is a field ofA appliedA psychological science, at the interface ofA occupationalA psychologyA andA healthA psychological science, concerned with the application ofA psychologyA to bettering the quality of work experience and with the protection and publicity of theA wellness, safety, and wellbeing of people in work. It emerged as an independent field in the late ninetiess. Duncan et Al. ( 2004 ) reported that at least one individual is killed and over 6,000 are injured at work every working twenty-four hours in the UK. They besides claimed that in the UK, absenteeism is bing employers ?13 billion a twelvemonth. Modernization and competitory challenges workers face presents increased the emphasiss and unwellnesss. Therefore, the intent of occupational wellness psychological science is to advance wellness and safety for employers, employees and their households. Specific jobs in the workplace including emphasis and burnout, workplace intimidation, accidents, carpal tunnel syndrome and malignant neoplastic disease.What can Occupational Health Psychology offer?Occupational wellness psychological science can offer to both administrations and employees. For cases: occupational wellness and safety jurisprudence, psychosocial jeopardies and wellbeing at workplace and pull offing emphasis in administrations. The Health and Safety Executive ( HSE ) is the chief organic structure of responsible for implementing statute law and supplying counsel on wellness and safety in the workplace in the UK. The HSE screens offices, mills, edifice sites, mines and preies, fairgrounds, railroads, chemical workss, offshore and atomic installings, schools and infirmaries. ( Duncan et al. , 2004 ) Administrations are another organic structure that are responsible to supply wellness and safety in the workplace. Administrations should hold hazard appraisal helps to protect their workers and their concern, every bit good as comply with the jurisprudence. It helps them concentrate on the hazards that truly matter – the 1s with the possible to do existent injury ( HSE ) . Besides, for employees, they should do certain that they got wellness and safety under control. Post-traumaticA stressA upset harmonizing to M. Colman ( 2009 ) isA anA anxietyA disorderA originating as a delayed and protracted response after sing or witnessing aA traumaticA event affecting existent or threatened decease or serious hurt to self or others. A research had been done by Lunt et. Al ( 2004 ) on Literature Review of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder amongst Rail Workers. Suicides under trains are the strongest factor doing rail workers to hold PTSD. In short, this research suggested few attacks illustration leting employees for natural recovery and ill leave. Besides, it is a great thought to provide a voluntary footing â€Å" Buddy Support System † . â€Å" Buddies † should be acquainted with the psychological boundaries within which they are expected to present â€Å" psychological first assistance † . Stress harmonizing to M. Colman ( 2009 ) is a psychological and physical strain or tenseness generated by physical, emotional, societal, economic, or occupational fortunes, events, or experiences that are hard to pull off or digest. Whereas, burnout is anA acuteA emphasis upset or reaction characterized by exhaustion ensuing from overwork, with anxiousness, weariness, insomnia, depression, and damage in work public presentation. Stress and burnout caused from working had a great impact on employees, their households and administrations. The undermentioned parties may play a function in a emphasis direction undertaking ( Schabracq, 2001 ) : the employees, the employer, the director, the human resources, the occupational wellness co-ordinator, the occupational wellness adviser, the occupational wellness doctor, the company public assistance worker, the employees ‘ representative and attention systems outside of the administrations. The employees need to cognize their jobs and hap pen solution to work out it without conveying emphasis from work to place and frailty versa. The employers and directors in other manus should oversee the employees ‘ well-being and play an of import function of carry oning stress bar. Equally good as, administration should unify with audiences e.g. occupational wellness doctor from exterior of administration for their aid. Workplace strong-arming harmonizing to Heery ( 2008 ) is any behavior that intimidates an employee, taking to feelings of humiliation, deficiency of dignity, or insufficiency. The effects of workplace intimidation are estimated to be responsible for ( between one tierce to a half ) of all stress-related unwellness ( Ellis, 2003 ) . Employees being bullied should collar the affair to their administrations. Equally good as, the administrations should be cognizant of any intimidation happen within the workplaces and put up a policy against intimidation and force. Accidents such as stealing and stumbling are the most common cause of hurts at work, bing employers over ?300 million a twelvemonth in lost production and related costs. ( Duncan et. Al, 2004 ) . To cut down these hurts, administrations should aware of the care review. Employees should besides be provided with wellness and safety information and written instructions. Furthermore, administrations should besides supervise to do certain that the on the job country is safe. Table IIDB02 below was taken from HSE web site: Prescribed industrial diseases ; non – lung diseases in Great Britain by disease 1995-2008Great BritainDiseaseDisease No1995/961996/971997/981998/991999/20002000/012001/02 ( vitamin D )Musculoskeletal ( B ) A4 – A8 870 ( 520 ) 765 ( 480 ) 600 ( 375 ) 465 ( 290 ) 430 ( 305 ) 375 ( 265 ) 360 ( 245 ) Occupational hearing loss A10 530 n/a 415 n/a 260 ( 10 ) 315 ( 5 ) 225–265–265–Vibration white finger A11 3015 ( 10 ) 3290 ( 25 ) 3035 ( 15 ) 3155 ( 10 ) 3210 ( 5 ) 3315 ( 10 ) 2425 ( 10 ) Carpal tunnel syndrome A12 265 ( 60 ) 295 ( 50 ) 400 ( 55 ) 480 ( 70 ) 475 ( 55 ) 600 ( 80 ) 795 ( 80 ) Allergic Rhinitis D4 720 ( 40 ) 350 ( 25 ) 200 ( 10 ) 135 ( 10 ) 80 ( 10 ) 90 ( 10 ) 75 ( 5 ) Dermatitis D5 330 ( 80 ) 335 ( 90 ) 270 ( 70 ) 220 ( 55 ) 210 ( 55 ) 205 ( 55 ) 170 ( 45 ) OthersA80 ( 15 ) 85 ( 10 ) 85 ( 15 ) 75 ( 10 ) 60 ( 5 ) 65 ( 5 ) 55 ( 5 )EntireA5810A5535A4845A4845A4690A4920A4145ABeginning: DWPGreat BritainDiseaseDisease No2002/032003/042004/052005/062006/072007/08Musculoskeletal ( B ) A4 – A8 390 ( 235 ) 345 ( 200 ) 370 ( 230 ) 245 ( 145 ) 215 ( 125 ) 255 ( 130 ) Occupational hearing loss A10 335 ( 5 ) 330 ( 5 ) 255 ( 5 ) 210–175–215–Vibration white finger A11 1775 ( 10 ) 1015 ( 5 ) 865–645–515 ( 5 ) 1005–Carpal tunnel syndrome A12 1030 ( 95 ) 820 ( 90 ) 675 ( 65 ) 520 ( 55 ) 435 ( 45 ) 530 ( 65 ) Allergic Rhinitis D4 100 ( 5 ) 90 ( 10 ) 90 ( 10 ) 50 ( 5 ) 45 ( 10 ) 40 ( 5 ) Dermatitis D5 200 ( 50 ) 170 ( 35 ) 165 ( 50 ) 145 ( 35 ) 115 ( 35 ) 105 ( 20 ) OthersA65 ( 10 ) 75 ( 10 ) 65 ( 10 ) 60 ( 10 ) 75 ( 15 ) 70 ( 15 )EntireA3895A2845A2490A1880A1575A2215ABeginning: DWP This shows that there was tonss of industrial disease normally happened to those employees working in building sites, working with machinery or even those who were sitting at their work Stationss. This tabular array besides proves that business wellness psychological science and HSE had successfully reduced the sum of instances each twelvemonth. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a nervus upset which may affect hurting, prickling, numbness and failing in parts of the manus, and can be caused by, among other things, exposure to quiver ( HSE, 2008 ) . In order to cut down this syndrome, administrations should be cognizant of the wellness and safety of their employees. In add-on, administrations should besides corroborate that the tools and machineries are good maintained. Cancer due to work such as lung and vesica malignant neoplastic disease, Gates ( 2004 ) refers to the surveies conducted by research workers from the Environmental Epidemiology Unit at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The research workers studied the degrees of lung or vesica malignant neoplastic disease hazard following exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) . PAHs increased the hazard among workers exposed to diesel for case. This circumstance will alarm administrations to cut down the exposure degrees and control wellness hazard of their employees.DecisionIn conformity to the researches gathered as above, there are so many advantages of Occupational Health Psychology offering both administrations and employees as to keep their wellness, wellbeing and safety at working topographic points. Occupational Health Psychology helps to cut down emphasis, psychosocial jeopardy, unwellness, accidents, hurts etc. Harmonizing to Analysis of Compensation Claims Related to Health and Safety Issues ( System Concepts, 2003 ) , they stated that cause of accidents including faux pass, trips ( 16 % ) manual handling ( 10 % ) and exposure to resound ( 7.6 % ) taking to strive, sprains and hearing loss. The mean cost of these claims was faux pass, trips and falls ( ?4,222 ) , manual handling ( ?4,325 ) and exposure to resound ( ?1,782 ) . This analysis besides recommended few suggestions for farther research including utilizing the findings of this research to advance farther accident decrease and raising consciousness of hazard amongst employees. Administrations can besides carry on Employee Assistance Programs ( Cooper, 2003 ) . EAP is a systematic, organized and go oning proviso of guidance, advice and aid funded by the employer particularly for stress employees. As we can see, there is been tonss of instances, hurts, accidents, psychosocial jeopardies etc. happened throughout the twelvemonth at working topographic points. Stress is the major result of action. Results show that any unwellnesss, accidents etc. will take to emphasize and burnout and frailty versa, emphasis at first phase can take to burnout, depression, unwellnesss, accidents etc. Therefore, future monitoring, supervising and cooperation from both administrations and employees are much needed. If instances can be reduced, this will lend to the success, cut down the costs of claims, increase public presentation and happier life to both parties and their households.Mentions Listâ€Å" burnoutA n. † A A A Dictionary of Psychology. Edited by Andrew M. Colman. Oxford University Press 2009.A Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.A A University of Bedfordshire.A A 15 November 2009A A hypertext transfer protocol: //0-www.oxfordreference.com.brum.beds.ac.uk/views/ENTRY .html? subview=Main & A ; entry=t87.e1199 Cooper, C. ( 2003 ) ‘Employee Assistance Programs ‘ in Quick, J & A ; Tetrick, L ( explosive detection systems. ) Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology. Washington: APA, pp.289-304 Duncan, M. , et Al ( 2004 ) Health and safety At Work Necessities: Revised & amp ; Expanded. 3rdedn. London: Lawpack Publishing Limited. Ellis, P. ( 2003 ) ‘Bullying and Victimisation at Work ‘ ‘Occupational Safety & A ; Health Journal ‘ , grand 2003 pp.40-42 Gates, E. ( 2004 ) ‘Cancer and Work ‘ ‘Occupational Safety & A ; Health Journal ‘ , May 2004 pp.18-21. HSE ( 2003 ) Analysis of compensation claims related to wellness and safety issues. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr070.pdf ( Accessed: 15 November 2009 ) HSE ( 2008 ) Hand-Arm Vibration: Advice for Employees. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg296.pdf ( Accessed: 14 November 2009 ) HSE ( no day of the month ) Health and safety: Acquiring started. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hse.gov.uk/aboutus/meetings/iacs/sbtaf/170407/gettingstarted.pdf ( Accessed: 15 November 2009 ) HSE ( no day of the month ) Table IIDB02: Prescribed industrial diseases ; non – lung diseases in England, Wales and Scotland by disease ( a ) 1995-2008. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/tables/iidb02.htm ( Accessed: 14 November 2009 ) Lunt ( 2004 ) Literature Review of Post Traumatic StressDisorder amongst Rail Workers Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hse.gov.uk/research/hsl_pdf/2004/hsl0416.pdf ( Accessed: 15 November 2009 ) â€Å" occupational wellness psychologyA n. † A A A Dictionary of Psychology. Edited by Andrew M. Colman. Oxford University Press 2009.A Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.A A University of Bedfordshire.A A 13 November 2009A A hypertext transfer protocol: //0-www.oxfordreference.com.brum.beds.ac.uk/views/ENTRY.html? subview=Main & A ; entry=t87.e9206 â€Å" post-traumatic emphasis disorderA n. † A A A Dictionary of Psychology. Edited by Andrew M. Colman. Oxford University Press 2009.A Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.A A University of Bedfordshire.A A 15 November 2009A A hypertext transfer protocol: //0-www.oxfordreference.com.brum.beds.ac.uk/views/ENTRY.html? subview=Main & A ; entry=t87.e6509 â€Å" pneumoconiosisA n. † A A A Dictionary of Nursing. Oxford University Press, 2008.A Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.A A University of Bedfordshire.A A 14 November 2009A A hypertext transfer protocol: //0-www.oxfordreference.com.brum.beds.ac.uk/views/ENTRY.html? subview=Main & A ; entry=t62.e7112 Schabracq, M. , et Al ( 2001 ) Occupational Health Psychology: the Challenge of Workplace Stress. Leicester: BPS Books. â€Å" stressA n. † A A A Dictionary of Psychology. Edited by Andrew M. Colman. Oxford University Press 2009.A Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.A A University of Bedfordshire.A A 15 November 2009A A & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //0-www.oxfordreference.com.brum.beds.ac.uk/views/ENTRY.html? subview=Main & A ; entry=t87.e8038 & gt ; â€Å" workplace intimidation † A A A Dictionary of Human Resource Management. Edmund Heery and Mike Noon. Oxford University Press, 2008.A Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.A A University of Bedfordshire.A A 15 November 2009A A hypertext transfer protocol: //0-www.oxfordreference.com.brum.beds.ac.uk/views/ENTRY.html? subview=Main & A ; entry=t162.e1422Question 2: Research indicates that work can hold a negative impact on the wellness of employees. When compared with unemployed people, nevertheless, persons who are employed are by and large healthier. Critically discuss supplying illustrations of research to back up your statement.IntroductionWork can hold both positive and negative impact on the wellness of employees. The negative impact psychological and physical for cases emphasis, force per unit area and chronic unwellnesss. Hockey ( 2002 ) claimed that care of undertaking ends is threatened by inordinate work load and environmental conditions. Excessive work load may do emphasis and force per unit area to employees. This shows that work load may take to emphasize and therefore it cut down work quality.Relationship between facets of work and wellness jobsIt is clear that there are legion factors in people ‘s occupation and their work scenes which may make both psychological ( emotional ) and physical strain ( O'Driscoll, 2002 ) . Harmonizing to Jones ( 2001 ) , largest figure of surveies has considered the relationship between these work stressors and cardiovascular disease, blood force per unit area and cold. For case agriculture emphasis ; it involved a combination of physical and mental wellness effects such as work load issues and farming patterns ( HSE ) . Farmers are besides be givening to lose a batch of energy and excessively much exposure to the sunshine. Besides, air flight cabin crew ; they are more hazardous to acquire chest and tegument malignant neoplastic disease due to ionizing radiation. Another illustration, is l earning as a profession. Schamer and Jackson ( 1996 ) cited by Greenglass ( 2003 ) describes that instructors are affected by occupation burnout due to workload and emphasize, ensuing in negative attitudes towards pupils, loss of energy and instability public presentation. Harmonizing to DWP ( 2005 ) people usually spend 35-60 % of wakeful yearss at work and 28 million working yearss lost attributed to work related illness. However, by working, it provides an chance to advance and better wellness.Relationships between unemployment and wellness ailmentsIn conformity to Warr ( 1987 ) , research into unemployment and wellness has frequently been cross-sectional, comparing a group of people who are at the clip are unemployed with similar people who are in paid work. Such comparing on a regular basis shows that employed people are much healthier. Some unemployed people will kick that they feel really useless, lost of dignity, lost of self-pride, no money to back up themselves and their households etc. Research into occupation loss and go oning unemployment significantly impairs mental wellness ( Warr, 1987 ) . Furthermore, unemployment will increase the impact on physical wellness. Feeling useless, lost of ego regard and emphasis, these people will get down to make harmful behaviors such as intoxicant ingestion, smoke and even the worst suicide effort. No money for unemployment will do them to cut down their nutrient consumption and this cause poorness. Some instances they will get down to pretermit their kids and divorce. Peoples who are long-run unemployed or who have ne'er worked are between two to three times more likely to hold hapless wellness than those in work ( Arthritis Care, 2006 ) .Work has benefitsWork has many benefits ; people gain money to back up themselves and others from working. Earlier authors such as F.W Taylor, believed in economic sciences need motivation- ‘money is a incentive ‘ ( Mullins, 2007 ) . In add-on, harmonizing to DWP ( 2005 ) , people who are healthy tend to be more economically active and people who are economically active tend to be healthi er. In contrast, Jahoda ( 1982 ) give an illustration of grounds from many studies that people want to work, even if it were non an economic necessity. Furthermore harmonizing to her once more, non all the unemployed live in poorness ; non all the hapless are unemployed. The Jobless environment by Warr ( 1987 ) explained nine environmental characteristics including chance of control, chance for accomplishment usage, handiness of money, physical security, chance for interpersonal contact, valued societal place. Opportunity control shows that unemployed people have lesser opportunities to make up one's mind their ain chosen ways. Opportunity for accomplishment usage demonstrates that unemployed people are limited to demo their accomplishments and endowments and they had no opportunity to better and larn new accomplishments. Unemployment had reduced the income and handiness of money. Studies ( cited from Smith, 1980 ) showed that unemployed people systematically indicate that deficit of money is viewed as the greatest beginning of personal and household jobs ) . Physical security is good linked with handiness of money because if person had less income, it means there is less security at place for illustration. Last, chance for interpersonal contact and valued societal place will cut down if person loss his/her occupation. Unemployed individual will loss self-pride and prone to remain off from societal life. In other manus, all of these illustrations of environmental characteristics by Warr, are opposite to employed people. Employed people had many opportunities of make up one's minding their ain ways and thoughts. They besides had opportunities to construct up ego regard, self assurance, bettering accomplishments and larn new things. Furthermore, employed people had handiness of money therefore, they had a really unafraid physical and life. Finally, they are besides had a greater societal networking and interpersonal contact with households, employers, co-workers and communities.DecisionIn conformity to the researches and authors above we can reason that that working have both negative impact on the wellness of employees. Positive impacts such as happier life, derive money, obtain self assurance and ego regard, great physical security, handiness to interpersonal contact and communicating with others. Unlike negative impacts that conveying lesser happier life, cut downing self esteem, cu t downing income etc. In footings of wellness, working people had a greater opportunity of acquiring emphasis, mental illness and working-related unwellness. However, it is different between working-related unwellness and non. It is because ; working people had emphasis due to workload and physical unwellness due to the occupation range. But in the terminal, working people gain wages after that and this leads to occupation satisfaction. Example: wage, acknowledgment, publicity and congratulations from employers. It depends on each of persons need and what they want from working. Harmonizing to Maslow ‘s demand hierarchy: the most of import demand for people is physiological. Physiological demand is link to pay, because by acquiring salary, we can purchase nutrient ( Mullins, 2007 ) . Furthermore, they can acquire aid from employers, companies benefits, compensations and claims, ill foliages whenever they got ill or chronic unwellnesss. Whereas, for unemployed people, they are stress because they loss their occupation or got retrenched and unable to back up themselves and their households. They besides had limited life manner and experience awkward to be in the center of society. If they got chronic unwellness, this is a major job because they can non pay to bring around their unwellness. In short, we can see that employed people are by and large healthier ( in footings of psychological science ) and physically than unemployed people.Mentions listArthritis Care ( 2006 ) Benefits of working. Available at:hypertext transfer protocol: //www.arthritiscare.org.uk/LivingwithArthritis/Workingwitharthritis/Benefitsofworking ( Accessed: 17 November 2009 ) DWP ( 2005 ) Health, Work and Wellbeing-Caring For Our Future. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hse.gov.uk/campaigns/conferences/wellbeing/2.pdf ( Accessed: 17 November 2009 ) Hockey, R. ( 2002 ) ‘Human Performance in the Working Environment ‘ in Warr, P ( ed. ) Psychology at Work. England: Penguin Books, pp.26-50 HSE ( no day of the month ) Farmers, Farm Workers and Work-Related Stress. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sro.hse.gov.uk/View_Article.aspx? id=92 ( Accessed: 15 November 2009 ) Jahoda, M. ( 1982 ) Employment and Unemployment. Cambridge: Imperativeness Syndicate. Jones, F. and Bright J. , ( 2001 ) Stress: Myth, Theory and Research. England: Pearson Education. Mullins, L. ( 2007 ) Management and Organisational Behaviours. 8th edn. England: Pearson Education. O'Driscoll, P et. Al. ( 2002 ) ‘Job-related Stress and Burnout ‘ in Warr, P ( ed. ) Psychology at Work. England: Penguin Books, pp.203-228 Warr, P. ( 1987 ) Work Unemployment and Mental Health. United States: Oxford University Press.

Of Mice and Men Excerpt Essay

â€Å"Lennie!† he said sharply. â€Å"Lennie, for God’ sakes don’t drink so much.† Lennie continued to snort into the pool. The small man leaned over and shook him by the shoulder. â€Å"Lennie. You gonna be sick like you was last night.† Lennie dipped his whole head under, hat and all, and then he sat up on the bank and his hat dripped down on his blue coat and ran down his back. â€Å"That’s good,† he said. â€Å"You drink some, George. You take a good big drink.† He smiled happily. George unslung his bindle and dropped it gently on the bank. â€Å"I ain’t sure it’s good water,† he said. â€Å"Looks kinda scummy.† Lennie dabbled his big paw in the water and wiggled his fingers so the water arose in little splashes; rings widened across the pool to the other side and came back again. Lennie watched them go. â€Å"Look, George. Look what I done.† George knelt beside the pool and drank from his hand with quick scoops. â€Å"Tastes all right,† he admitted. â€Å"Don’t really seem to be running, though. You never oughta drink water when it ain’t running, Lennie,† he said hopelessly. â€Å"You’d drink out of a gutter if you was thirsty.† He threw a scoop of water into his face and rubbed it about with his hand, under his chin and around the back of his neck. Then he replaced his hat, pushed himself back from the river, drew up his knees and embraced them. Lennie, who had been watching, imitated George exactly. He pushed himself back, drew up his knees, embraced them, looked over to George to see whether he had it just right. He pulled his hat down a little more over his eyes, the way George’s hat was. George stared morosely at the water. The rims of his eyes were red with sun glare. He said angrily, â€Å"We could just as well of rode clear to the ranch if that bastard bus driver knew what he was talkin’ about. ‘Jes’ a little stretch down the highway,’ he says. ‘Jes’ a little stretch.’ God damn near four miles, that’s what it was! Didn’t wanta stop at the ranch gate, that’s what. Too God damn lazy to  pull up. Wonder he isn’t too damn good to stop in Soledad at all. Kicks us out and says ‘Jes’ a little stretch down the road.’ I bet it was more than four miles. Damn hot day.† Lennie looked timidly over to him. â€Å"George?† â€Å"Yeah, what ya want?† â€Å"Where we goin’, George?† The little man jerked down the brim of his hat and scowled over at Lennie. â€Å"So you forgot that awready, did you? I gotta tell you again, do I? Jesus Christ, you’re a crazy bastard!† â€Å"I forgot,† Lennie said softly. â€Å"I tr ied not to forget. Honest to God I did, George.† I picked this excerpt because introduces George and Lennie’s friendship which is the most important aspect of his book.

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The Impact of Structural Adjustment Programs on Women in the Essay

The Impact of Structural Adjustment Programs on Women in the Philippines - Essay Example Under the first SAP implemented for the Philippines in 1981, the objective was to reshape a largely protectionist regime under the Marcos dictatorship into an export-led economy through trade and financial liberalization and tight credit policy. However, subsequent events proved the SAP strategy wrong, as evidenced by the depreciation of the Philippine peso by 10 percent in 1983, double-digit inflation and unemployment, declining wages and the unimproved quality of exports due mainly to low production costs and cheap labor. During these years, political opposition to the martial law government of Marcos was escalating, which became a nationwide disturbance when top opposition leader Benigno Aquino was assassinated in 1984 by suspected Marcos hit men. This led to massive capital flight that forced Marcos to call a snap election in 1985, in which the widow of Aquino emerged victorious. As the GDP began to grow by a moderate 5.6 percent under the second IMF-WB program undertaken for the Aquino government (Lim & Montes, 2001), the economy suffered one setback after another as Marcos loyalists held disruptive rallies and renegade soldiers separately staged a series of military coups from 1987 to 1989. This paper examines how SAP failed the Philippines, specifically how and why its required policy reforms marginalized women in the Philippines in terms of meeting their rights to education, health and livelihood. 2. How SAP Worked Against Philippine Women The SAP requirement for an export-led strategy of economic growth created shifts in the use of land and other resources, reorganized production processes, and changed production relations as well as existing social institutions (Sparr, 1994). This was generally how SAP worked to the disadvantage of Philippine women. On land use, for example, one of the main thrusts of SAP is to remove subsidies from agricultural production intended for local consumption and to re-channel the funds instead to the production of cash crops for the export market (Sparr, 1994). Rural women in the Philippines augment the meager income of their farmer-husbands by engaging in the backyard production of crops that can be sold in the local market. Moreover, women share farm work with their men especially in seeding and harvesting. When the incentives for growing crops with a ready market were taken away, the women lost an important source of income to the detriment of her family (Elson, 1995). The problem was that government promoted export production although world prices were extremely low (Lim & Montes, 2001). In the Philippines, land was transferred from the traditional crops of rice and corn to the production of sugar cane, bananas and pineapples with a concomitant increase in the size of holdings and greater mechanization but also a rise in the number of landless households (Elson, 1995). The main result was to further marginalize women in crop production as they are largely excluded from sugar cultivation. Rural women in the Philippines farm for home production and the local markets and rarely is it done for the export